Top borer of sugarcane

Top borer of sugarcane,life cycle ,damage,all type of control

1. ENT-506 AGRICULTURAL PESTS AND THEIR MANGEMENT Agri.

2. Presentation Title : Top Borer Of Sugarcane

3. SUBMITTED TO: DR. MUHAMMAD ASIF FAROOQ Submitted By : Muhammad Ijaz 2017-ag-8900 University of Agriculture , Faisalabad ,Burewala -Campus

4. TOP BORER OF SUGARCANE Scientific Name: Scirpophaga nivella Family: Pyralidae Genus – Scirpophaga Species – nivella Order: Lepidoptera

5. Status , Distribution : Status Most destructive pest of sugarcane. Distribution : It is widely distributed in all sugarcane growing areas of Pakistan and India. It is also found in Sri Lanka, Myanmar, China, Japan, Philippines, Thailand and Taiwan. Sugarcane and wild grasses such as ' Sarkanda ',' Kahi ’.

6. Life Cycle 4-5 Nearly 300 or more eggs are laid in clustersof 5-102 on the lower leaf surface. The clustersare covered with a brown tuft of hairs and are quite prominent.

7. Stages of Development Adult Larvae

8. Life History Active period: Pest is active from March to November. After hatching ,young larvae bore into the mid-rib of a leaf, mining their way to the base. From their, they enter the spindle, feeding on the growing point and Soft portion of the cane. They mature in 4-5 weeks after passing through 5 stages. Inactive period: The full-fed larva of the last generation does not pupate but hibernatesas a larvain the top portion of the attacked sugarcane plants. Full-fed larva constructsa chamber with an emergence hole in the rind just above anode. It pupates inside the chamber. Period of optimum damage : April to July

9. Marks of Identification: The moth is silvery and creamy white in color. In case of females the anal end is deep red in color and is covered by an orange colored tuft of hairs. In the males, the first pair of wings has a single black spot on each wing. Fully formed caterpillars measures about 1.5 inches in length and are yellowish white in color

10. Nature of Damage As the name indicates the attack of this pest is mainly confined to the top portion of the shoot. Harm to the plant is caused mainly by the caterpillars. The growing point of the plant is seriously damaged due to boring and feeding by the caterpillars. The shoots attacked by first two broods (April-June)are killed. The young attacked plants show characteristic reddish streaks on the midribs and also a number of short holes in the leaves ultimately causing dead hearts. Dead Heart: As a result, the central whorl of unfurled leave dries up forming a characteristic “Dead heart”. Bunchy Top The destruction to the growing point results in abnormal activation of the side buds just below the growing point leading to the formation of bunchy top. Generally, the newly hatched caterpillars penetrates into the mid rib from the underside of the leaf and bores downward towards the main stem or axil, After reaching the axil of the leaf, the larva comes out of the mid rib and bites into the whorl of newly emerged leaves forming the spindle. The characteristic effect of this action is series of shot holes of leaves. Now the larva enters into the spindle and moves down towards the growing point destroying the tender top portion of the plant.

11. Nature of Damage Third brood (July) remain stunted in growth and there is generally decrease of 14-15% in weight of such canes. Fourth brood (August) grow slowly. Damage by 3 rd and 4 th broods may reduce weight by more than 25%: By the time Fifth brood appears in September, the canes have almost attained their normal height. The height of attacked cane is only 1-2% less than that of healthy cane. The quality and quantity of juice is also affected adversely by this pest besides loss in weight of sugarcane. Formation of a small, slender, reddish brown dead heart. Top Borer : punctures on the leaves, death of the central shoot and formation of bunchy top. Destruction caused due this : About 20-40%

12. Damage

13. Damage Bunchy Top

14. Control Cultural Methods Biological Methods Mechanical Methods Chemical Methods

15. Cultural Methods 1. Harvesting should be done by the middle of February i.e., before the emergence of moth after hibernation. 2. The stumps should be dug out of the soil and destroyed.

16. Cultural Methods

17. Mechanical Method 1. The pest can be controlled by regular collection and destruction of the eggs. This also reduces the density of the pest population. 2. The characteristic dead heart and bunchy top should be removed from the crop and destroyed. 3. The light traps may be used to attract the moth, which are later on killed

18. Mechanical Methods

19. Biological Method Tetrastichus spp , Telenomus spp & Trichogramma spp parasitises the eggs of this pest. Whereas Goniozus indicus, Chelonus spp , Rhaconotus spp parasitizes the caterpillars . Ischnojoppo luteatur , Isotima dammermani & Xanthopimpla spp are the hyperparasites of the pupal stage of this parasite.

20. Chemical Method 1. Spraying the crop with Endrin or Endosulfan (0.1% emulsion) at time of egg laying of the third generation (June-July) proves helpful in checking serious destruction by this pest. If the weather condition permit this treatment may be repeated against the fourth generation also (August- September) 2. Dusting the infected crop with Endrin or Endosulfan 3. Application of Carbofuran or Phorate granules in the soil @ 20 kg/ha also proved effective in controlling this pest or carbofuran ( Furadan / Sunfuran / Curaterr 3G), 10-15 kg/acre. Diazinon ( Basudin lOG ), 10 kg/acre. Cartap ( Padan 4G), 13-15 kg/acre NOTE: 1.Granules should be applied at the base of the shoots in the last week of June or first week of July if its attack is more than 5%. 2.Before irrigation slight earthing up can check flowing of granules with irrigation water.