TOPIC 2 FOOD SYSTEMS Natural Resources and Environmental Impacts2023.pptx

Food Systems: What is it and how do they work?

1. FOOD SYSTEMS NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS TOPIC 2

2. LECTURE OUTLINES Food Systems Food Systems Concepts Food Systems Classification Food Systems Benefits and Sustainability 01 Natural Resources and Environmental Impacts Food System Impact on Natural Resources Food System Impact on the Environment Reducing the Impact of Food System 02

3. Food Systems What is it and how do they work?

4. Food Systems Concepts The food systems concept is based on the recognition that food is a complex and interconnected system that involves multiple actors and processes , from farming and fishing to processing, transportation, marketing, and retailing. The concept also recognizes that food systems are influenced by a range of factors, including social, economic, and environmental considerations. CONCEPT 1 One of the key concepts in food systems is the idea of food security, which refers to the ability of individuals and communities to access sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs . Food security is influenced by a range of factors, including the availability and affordability of food, as well as social and economic factors such as income, education, and access to resources. CONCEPT 2 Another important concept in food systems is food sovereignty, which emphasizes the right of individuals and communities to control their own food systems and make decisions about what they produce and consume . Food sovereignty is often linked to issues of social and economic justice, as well as environmental sustainability. CONCEPT 3 Finally, the concept of sustainable food systems emphasizes the need to develop food systems that are environmentally sustainable, socially just, and economically viable . This involves reducing the environmental impact of food production and consumption, promoting equitable access to food, and supporting local and regional food systems that promote community resilience and economic development. CONCEPT 4

5. Inclusion Inclusion Food System In The Context of Other Systems Safety| Availability| Diversity

6. Food Systems Conceptual Framework

7. EXTERNAL DRIVERS CLIMATE CHANGE GLOBALIZATION AND TRADE SOCIO-CULTURAL CONTEXT URBANIZATION POPULATION GROWTH AND MIGRATION POLITICS AND LEADERSHIP INCOME GROWTH AND DISTRIBUTION FOOD SUPPLY CHAINS INDIVIDUAL FACTORS DIET 1 _____________ 2 _____________

8. Food System Classification This is a food system that involves the global trade of food and agricultural products. The global food system can provide access to a wide variety of food products and can contribute to economic development, but it can also be associated with environmental degradation and social inequities. GLOBAL SYSTEMS This is a food system that emphasizes local food production and distribution, often through direct relationships between farmers and consumers. Local food systems can promote environmental sustainability, support local economies, and promote social equity. LOCAL (REGIONAL, NATIONAL) SYSTEMS This is a large-scale, highly mechanized food system that is heavily reliant on chemical inputs, such as pesticides and fertilizers and is designed for maximum efficiency and profit. The industrial food system is often criticized for its negative impacts on the environment, public health, and social equity. INDUSTRIAL SYSTEMS This is a food system that is based on long-standing cultural and agricultural practices and is often associated with specific regions or ethnic groups. They can promote cultural diversity, preserve local knowledge and heritage, and provide access to nutritious and culturally appropriate food. TRADITIONAL SYSTEMS This refers to a range of food production and distribution systems that aim to provide more sustainable, healthy, and equitable alternatives to the industrial food system. Examples include organic farming, community-supported agriculture, and farmers' markets. ALTERNATIVE SYSTEMS CLASSIFICATION BY SCALE CLASSIFICATION BY CONTENT

9. Food System Types Industrial and Consolidated Modernizing and Formalizing Rural and Traditional Informal and Expanding Emerging and Diversifying

10. Industrial and Consolidated Food System The industrial and consolidated food system refers to the dominant system of food production, distribution, and consumption that has developed over the past century. This system is characterized by large-scale industrial farming operations, processing plants, and distribution networks that are designed to maximize efficiency and profit. GENERAL FEATURES Alternative food systems, such as local and sustainable agriculture, seek to challenge and transform the industrial and consolidated food system by promoting more environmentally and socially responsible food production, distribution, and consumption practices. response HOW TO MITIGATE DISADVANTAGES The industrial and consolidated food system has been criticized for its negative environmental impacts, including air and water pollution, deforestation, and the loss of biodiversity. It has also been criticized for contributing to a range of health problems, including obesity, diabetes, and heart disease, due to the high levels of added sugars, fats, and other unhealthy ingredients in many processed foods. DISADVANTAGES In this system, food is often produced far from where it will be consumed, and is transported long distances to reach consumers. The food is also heavily processed and packaged to increase shelf life and convenience, and is often treated with a variety of chemicals and additives. SPECIFIC FEATURES 01 02 03 04

11. Modernizing and Formalizing Food System General Information About the Modernizing and Formalizing Food System Modernizing and formalizing the food system refers to the process of updating and improving the various components of the food system to better meet the needs of producers, consumers, and other stakeholders. This process typically involves introducing new technologies, practices, and policies that improve the efficiency, safety, and sustainability of food production, processing, distribution, and consumption. The modernization and formalization of the food system is a complex and ongoing process that involves collaboration between various stakeholders, including producers, policymakers, academics, and consumers. INNOVATIONS : Implementing new technologies, such as precision agriculture, to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of food production. . REGULATION: Establishing formal regulations and standards for food safety and quality, such as the FDA's Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA), which sets new standards for food safety in the United States. SUSTAINABLE PRACTICIES: Encouraging the adoption of sustainable agriculture practices, such as regenerative agriculture, that promote soil health, biodiversity, and other environmental goals. INVESTING: Investing in infrastructure, such as transportation networks and storage facilities, that improve the efficiency and reliability of food distribution. SUPPORTING: Supporting small-scale and local food producers through policies and programs that promote entrepreneurship, innovation, and market access. .

12. Emerging and Diversifying Food System 1 An emerging and diversifying food system refers to the changes and developments taking place in the way we produce, distribute, and consume food. It recognizes the growing complexity of the global food system and the need for new approaches to address the challenges we face in ensuring food security, promoting sustainability, and improving public health. 3 This new food system also encompasses a wider range of food sources, including plant-based and alternative proteins, as well as new technologies such as vertical farming, aquaponics, and cultured meat. These changes are driven by a combination of factors, including increasing consumer demand for healthier and more sustainable food options, the need to adapt to climate change and environmental degradation, and advances in food science and technology. 2 The emerging and diversifying food system is characterized by a shift towards more sustainable and locally adapted food production practices, a greater emphasis on reducing food waste and improving resource efficiency, and a growing awareness of the social, cultural, and economic dimensions of food.

13. Examples Of The Emerging And Diversifying Food System 2 3 4 1 Alternative protein sources, such as plant-based proteins and lab-grown meat, which are being developed as alternatives to traditional meat production. This can help to reduce the environmental impact of meat production and provide new options for consumers with dietary restrictions or ethical concerns. Local and regional food systems, which promote the production and consumption of locally grown and produced food. This can help to support small-scale farmers, reduce food transportation emissions, and promote cultural diversity in food choices. Urban agriculture and community gardens, involve growing food in urban spaces such as rooftops, vacant lots, and community gardens. This can provide access to fresh, healthy food in areas where it may be otherwise difficult to obtain. U rban agriculture A groecology L ocal food systems A lternative protein sources Agroecology, which is an ecological approach to agriculture that seeks to promote sustainable and regenerative farming practices. This can involve using natural methods to control pests and diseases, promoting crop diversity, and integrating livestock and crops in a mutually beneficial way.

14. Informal and Expanding Food System 1 The informal and expanding food system refers to the collection of food-related activities and transactions that occur outside of formal markets and regulatory systems. These activities may include small-scale food production, processing, and distribution, as well as informal food vending and trade. 3 However, the informal food system can also provide important economic opportunities for small-scale producers and vendors. It can contribute to food security and access in areas where formal markets may not be available or accessible. As such, there is growing interested in finding ways to support and regulate informal food systems in order to maximize their benefits while minimizing their risks. 2 In many developing countries, the informal food system is a significant source of food for urban and rural populations, particularly for low-income households. Informal food vendors may sell food on the street or in markets and operate without licenses or inspections. This can create concerns around food safety and hygiene, as well as issues related to the quality and nutritional content of the food being sold.

15. Rural and Traditional Food System 1 A rural and traditional food system refers to a way of producing, processing, distributing, and consuming food that is deeply connected to a particular geographic area and cultural traditions. It is often characterized by small-scale production, local sourcing, and a reliance on traditional knowledge and practices. 3 Traditional food systems are also closely linked to cultural traditions and practices. They may involve the use of specific ingredients, preparation methods, and serving customs that have been passed down through generations. For many people, traditional food systems are an important part of their cultural identity and are deeply connected to their sense of place and community. 2 In a rural and traditional food system, food is typically grown and harvested using methods that are well-suited to the local climate, soil, and water conditions. The food is often consumed locally or regionally, with a focus on using fresh, seasonal ingredients. This type of food system is typically characterized by a close relationship between producers and consumers, with many farmers and food producers operating on a small scale and selling their products directly to consumers.

16. Global Distribution of Food System Types

17. Population, Land Share, and GDP Per Capita by Food System Type

18. Benefits of Food Systems Food Safety and Quality Improved Nutrition and Health Food Security Job Creation and Economic Development Cultural and Social Diversity Environmental Sustainability Food systems can ensure that all people have access to enough safe, nutritious, and affordable food. This is important for reducing hunger and malnutrition and promoting social and economic development. A well-functioning food system can provide diverse and nutritious food to people, which is essential for maintaining good health. It can also help to prevent malnutrition and diet-related diseases. Food systems provide employment and income opportunities to millions of people worldwide, particularly in rural areas. This can contribute to poverty reduction and economic development. Food systems can contribute to preserving cultural traditions and promoting social diversity by preserving traditional farming practices, culinary heritage, and local food systems. A well-managed food system can ensure the safety and quality of food by regulating food production and processing practices, enforcing food safety standards, and monitoring foodborne illnesses. Sustainable food systems can help to preserve natural resources such as land, water, and biodiversity, as well as reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate climate change.

19. Sustainable Food System General Information about the Sustainable Food System A sustainable food system is a food system that is designed to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It is a system that is environmentally, socially, and economically sustainable. A sustainable food system requires collaboration among food producers, processors, distributors, consumers, policymakers, and other stakeholders. It also requires innovative approaches to food production and distribution, such as agroecology, regenerative agriculture, and local food systems, that promote environmental and social sustainability while ensuring economic viability and promoting health and nutrition. Environmental Sustainability: A sustainable food system must operate within the limits of natural resources and minimize the negative impacts of food production on the environment. This includes reducing greenhouse gas emissions, conserving soil, water, and biodiversity, and minimizing food waste. . Social Sustainability: A sustainable food system must promote social equity, human rights, and fair labour practices throughout the food chain. This includes providing fair wages, safe working conditions, and promoting social diversity and cultural heritage. . Economic Sustainability: A sustainable food system must be economically viable, ensuring that food producers, processors, and distributors receive fair prices for their products and are able to sustain their livelihoods over time. Health and Nutrition: A sustainable food system must provide nutritious, safe, and healthy food to all people, regardless of income or location.

20. Food System Sustainability Assessment This index, created by the Barilla Center for Food and Nutrition, ranks countries based on three pillars of sustainability: food loss and waste, sustainable agriculture, and nutritional challenges. According to the 2021 ranking, the top five countries with the most sustainable food systems are France, Spain, Japan, Canada, and Germany. Food Sustainability Index: The EPI, produced by Yale University and the World Economic Forum, ranks countries based on various environmental indicators, including those related to agriculture and food systems. According to the 2020 ranking, the top five countries with the most sustainable food systems are Switzerland, Luxembourg, Austria, Ireland, and Sweden. Environmental Performance Index: The SDG Index, produced by the Sustainable Development Solutions Network, ranks countries based on their progress towards achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, which includes a goal related to food security and sustainable agriculture. According to the 2021 ranking, the top five countries with the most sustainable food systems are Denmark, Finland, Sweden, the Netherlands, and Norway. Sustainable Development Goals Index: 01 02 03

21. Food System Sustainability Assessment In Suriname 2 3 1 Suriname is included in the Environmental Performance Index (EPI), which ranks countries based on various environmental indicators, including those related to agriculture and food systems. According to the latest EPI ranking from 2020, Suriname is ranked 131 out of 180 countries, with an overall score of 43.17 out of 100. In terms of the specific indicators related to agriculture and food systems, Suriname scores relatively well in areas such as forest cover (96.2 out of 100) and nitrogen balance in agricultural land (74.4), indicating relatively low levels of excess fertilizer use. However, Suriname scores lower in areas such as agricultural subsidies (5.3 out of 100) and access to improved sanitation facilities (20.2). Suriname is included in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) Index, which ranks countries based on their progress towards achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, including a goal related to food security and sustainable agriculture. According to the 2021 SDG Index, Suriname is ranked 102 out of 165 countries, with an overall score of 62.9 out of 100. In terms of the specific indicators related to food security and sustainable agriculture, Suriname scores relatively well in areas such as access to clean water and sanitation (94.5 out of 100), access to electricity (89.5), and forest area as a percentage of total land area (94.4). However, Suriname scores lower in areas such as agricultural yield (36.5), the prevalence of undernourishment (50.9), and prevalence of obesity (62.7). Suriname is not included in the 2021 Food Sustainability Index. The index includes 67 countries, primarily high-income and middle-income countries from around the world. F ood S ustainability I ndex S ustainable D evelopment G oals I ndex E nvironmental P erformance I ndex

22. Natural Resources and Environmental Impacts What is it and how to mitigate it?

23. Natural Resources Are Often Not Managed Sustainably or Efficiently in Food Systems 24% of total global greenhouse gas emissions аге related to food systems: СО, from fossil fuel use and land use; methane and nitrous oxide from animals and fields. Fossil fuels 33% of soils is moderate to highly degraded due to the: compaction, erosion and sealing; chemical pollution; - acidification; nutrient depletion ; salinization . Land & Soils 20% of the world's aquifers аге overexploited; many surface water regimes have been substantially altered and/or contaminated. Water 60% of global terrestrial biodiversity loss relates to food production; supporting ecosystem services аге under pressure. Increasing genetic uniformity narrows the genetic base of crops and livestock. Biodiversity 15-20% of the total input of nitrogen and phosphorus as fertilizers is embedded in the food that reaches the consumers' plates. Minerals 33% 20% 60% 15-20% 24%

24. Food System Impact on Natural Resources General Information about the Food System Impact Natural resources play a crucial role in food systems, as they are the basis of agricultural production and provide the necessary inputs for food production. However, food systems also have significant environmental impacts, which can affect the sustainability of natural resources. Overall, food systems are intricately connected to natural resources and the environment. In order to ensure the sustainability of food systems and natural resources, it is essential to adopt more sustainable agricultural practices, reduce food waste, and shift towards more sustainable consumption patterns. AGRICULTURE: Agriculture, which is the foundation of food systems, relies heavily on natural resources such as land, water, and biodiversity. The expansion of agricultural land use can lead to deforestation, soil degradation, and loss of biodiversity, which can have negative impacts on the environment. Additionally, the use of fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture can lead to soil and water pollution, further affecting the environment. . FOOD PROCESSING AND DISTRIBUTION: Food processing and distribution also have significant environmental impacts. Processing and packaging of food require energy and natural resources and can generate waste and emissions. Food transportation, particularly long-distance transportation, can contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. CONSUMPTION: Consumption patterns also play a role in the environmental impacts of food systems. The consumption of meat, for example, requires more natural resources such as land and water compared to a plant-based diet. Food waste is also a significant environmental issue, as it contributes to greenhouse gas emissions and the depletion of natural resources.

25. How Natural Resources Are Used In Agriculture – the Foundation of Food Systems The plant is grown on land that requires soil, sunlight, and water to produce a healthy crop. The land may also require fertilizer and pesticides, which are made from natural resources. SOIL The plant is part of a complex ecosystem that includes other plants, animals, and microorganisms. The maintenance of biodiversity is crucial for the health of the entire food system. BIODIVERSITY Harvesting and transportation of the yield require energy to run machinery and vehicles, which are powered by natural resources such as oil or gas. The packaging of the tomato also requires energy and materials, such as plastic, which are made from natural resources. ENERGY The plant needs water to grow, and irrigation systems are used to supply water to the crops. The water used in irrigation comes from natural sources such as rivers, lakes, or underground aquifers WATER 01 02 03 04

26. Food System Impact on the Environment d d Land Use Change And Deforestation: Agricultural expansion, particularly for livestock production, can lead to deforestation and habitat loss, which can have negative impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services. Water Use And Pollution: Agriculture is one of the largest water users, and the use of irrigation can deplete water resources in some regions. Agricultural runoff containing fertilizers and pesticides can also lead to water pollution, affecting both human health and ecosystems. Energy Use: Food production, processing, and transportation require significant energy inputs, contributing to greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Food systems are responsible for a significant portion of global greenhouse gas emissions, particularly from livestock production and transportation. Food Waste: A large portion of food produced is wasted, contributing to greenhouse gas emissions and the depletion of natural resources.

27. Agriculture’s Impact on the Environment Energy use Land use change and habitat loss Soil degradation Water pollution and depletion Greenhouse gas emissions Biodiversity loss Intensive agriculture practices such as tillage, monoculture, and excessive use of fertilizers can lead to soil degradation, reducing the productivity of agricultural land and affecting soil biodiversity. The expansion of agricultural land can lead to deforestation and habitat loss, affecting biodiversity and ecosystem services. Agriculture is one of the largest water users, and the use of irrigation can deplete water resources in some regions. Agricultural runoff containing fertilizers and pesticides can also lead to water pollution, affecting both human health and ecosystems. Agriculture, including the production of fertilizers, pesticides, and machinery, requires significant energy inputs, contributing to greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. Agriculture can lead to the loss of native plant and animal species, affecting ecosystem functions and services. Agriculture is a significant contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions, particularly from livestock production and the use of synthetic fertilizers.

28. Global Developments That Will Have Important Implications for Natural Resources In Food Systems In The Future 2 3 1 Climate change will impact both average weather conditions, as well as climatic extremes, which will have a large impact on the natural resources needed for food production. The increase in wealth in a large number of developing countries implies a much larger middle-class, typically leading to diets that are richer in resource-intensive products (e.g. red meats, fish, fruits and vegetables) and ultra-processed foods. This process is intermingled with the effects of urbanization. The expected population growth, especially in Africa and Asia, implies a higher base-line demand for food. P opulation G rowth I ncrease in W ealth C limate C hanges

29. Global Developments That Will Have Important Implications for the Environment In Food Systems In The Future Technology: Advances in agricultural technology, including precision farming, genetic engineering, and synthetic biology, have the potential to improve efficiency and reduce environmental impacts on food systems. However, there are also concerns about unintended consequences and ethical considerations. Globalization: The globalization of food systems has led to greater efficiency and lower prices, but it has also contributed to environmental problems such as deforestation, habitat destruction, and biodiversity loss. Policy and governance: The policies and governance structures that shape food systems can have significant impacts on the environment. For example, subsidies that promote the production of certain crops or livestock can lead to overproduction, land degradation, and pollution. Climate change: Rising temperatures, changes in precipitation patterns, and more extreme weather events are likely to affect crop yields, soil health, and water availability, all of which will have implications for the environment in food systems. . Population growth: The global population is projected to reach 9.7 billion by 2050, which will increase the demand for food, water, and energy. Meeting this demand sustainably will be a major challenge for food systems. Changing diets: As incomes rise and urbanization continues, diets are changing in many parts of the world, with a shift towards more resource-intensive foods such as meat and dairy. This trend is likely to put additional pressure on natural resources and contribute to greenhouse gas emissions. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Climate change; population growth; changing diets; technology; globalization; policy and governance

30. What Government Саn Do to Mitigate Natural Resources and Environmental Impacts

31. What can be Done to Mitigate Natural Resources and Environmental Impacts? 1. Pay farmers and fishermen for better management of natural resources. 2. Help smallholder farms and small agri-food businesses in developing countries invest in more sustainable activities. 3. Make healthy and sustainable food choices easier for consumers. 4. Retailers and food companies in developing countries: invest in local supply chains; assist farmers to increase production sustainably. 5. Food companies: reduce the impact on environmental costs and obesity-related diseases. Private Actors Challenge and stimulate government, private actors and consumers to move towards Resource-Smart Food Systems. Civil Society

32. Building Resource-Smart Food Systems for Sustainable Development Resource-Smart Food Systems refer to the sustainable management and utilization of natural resources in food production, processing, distribution, consumption, and waste management. The term encompasses a range of practices and approaches that prioritize the efficient and effective use of resources, including land, water, energy, and nutrients, to ensure food security, reduce waste and emissions, and promote resilience to climate change. Resource-Smart Food Systems aim to enhance the efficiency and sustainability of food production and distribution systems while ensuring equitable access to nutritious and safe food for all. This can involve practices such as regenerative agriculture, reducing food waste, sustainable packaging and transportation, and a circular economy approach, among others. The goal is to create a food system that is resilient, environmentally sustainable, and socially just, while meeting the nutritional needs of the population.

33. What are Resource-Smart Food Systems?

34. Informational Resources What can you use to increase your knowledge about the study subject?

35. A Food Systems Approach to Natural Resource Use Food system types, governance dynamics and their implications for resource use Socio-economic drivers impacting on food demand, production and food system outcomes Natural resources and environmental impacts of food systems Options towards environmentally sustainable food systems Book Description RECOMMENDED TEXTBOOK FOR STUDYING THE TOPIC This book explores the relationship between food systems and the natural resources upon which they depend. It includes topics related to sustainable agriculture, conservation of biodiversity, management of water resources, and reducing the environmental impact of food production and distribution. The book also discusses the social and economic implications of food system sustainability, such as issues related to food security and equitable access to resources. Topics covered in the book :

36. Informational Resources The FAO provides a wealth of information on food systems and their impact on resources and the environment. Their website includes reports, publications, and data on topics such as food waste, sustainable agriculture, and climate change. http://www.fao.org/home/en/ Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations: The WRI is a global research organization that provides information and tools to help governments, businesses, and individuals make more sustainable decisions. They have a section of their website dedicated to food, which includes resources on topics such as food security, sustainable agriculture, and reducing food waste. https://www.wri.org/our-work/topics/food World Resources Institute (WRI): The FAO and WWF joint report, "Food and Nature: An Ecosystem Approach": This report examines the interconnections between food systems and the natural world, and offers recommendations for more sustainable food production and consumption. http://www.fao.org/3/ca9692en/ca9692en.pdf World Wildlife Fund (WWF) : This report explores the interactions between climate change, land use, and food systems, and highlights the urgent need for action to address these issues. https://www.ipcc.ch/srccl/ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on Climate Change and Land:

37. Conclusion Understanding the complex and interconnected nature of food systems which involves recognizing the various components of the food system, including production, distribution, and consumption, as well as the social, economic, and environmental factors that influence these components is extremely important. It exists an urgent need for a more sustainable approach to systems. This approach should involve reducing the environmental impact of food systems, promoting the conservation of natural resources, and addressing issues related to food security and equitable access to resources. Collaboration between different sectors and stakeholders is extremely important to achieve these goals, including governments, the private sector, and civil society organizations. A more sustainable food system is not only necessary for the health of the environment but also for the health and well-being of individuals and communities around the world. Thank you for your patience !

38. One example of the informal and expanding food system in Suriname is the practice of street vending. In many cities and towns throughout the country, vendors set up makeshift stalls or sell food from carts on the street. They offer a wide range of foods, including snacks, prepared meals, and fresh produce. Street vending is an informal method of food distribution, as vendors typically do not have formal licenses or permits to sell their goods. However, it plays an important role in the food system by providing affordable and convenient access to food for many people, particularly those living in low-income areas. In recent years, street vending has also expanded to include more diverse and innovative food offerings. For example, some vendors have started selling ethnic foods that reflect Suriname's cultural diversity, such as roti, a type of flatbread filled with curry and vegetables that originated in India. While street vending has the potential to contribute to the local economy and provide employment opportunities, it also presents challenges related to food safety and hygiene. Without proper regulation and oversight, there is a risk of foodborne illness and contamination. Therefore, there is a need for measures to be put in place to ensure that street vendors are meeting basic health and safety standards. ANSWERS FOR ASSIGNMENT 1 SUBTOPIC 2.1

39. As a developing country, Suriname can modernize and formalize its food system in several ways. One example is by introducing new technologies to improve the efficiency and sustainability of food production. Suriname can promote precision agriculture, which involves using sensors, drones, and other technologies to monitor and optimize crop growth, soil health, and water use. This can improve crop yields, reduce waste, and minimize the use of pesticides and other inputs. Another way Suriname can modernize and formalize its food system is by establishing formal regulations and standards for food safety and quality. This can help to ensure that consumers have access to safe and nutritious food and can support the growth of domestic and export markets. Suriname can establish food safety standards and certifications that meet international requirements and promote compliance through training and education programs for food producers and processors. Suriname can also support the adoption of sustainable agriculture practices, such as agroforestry, that promote biodiversity, soil health, and climate resilience. This can include providing technical assistance, financing, and incentives to encourage farmers to adopt these practices. Finally, Suriname can invest in the development of food processing and distribution infrastructure that improves the efficiency and reliability of food supply chains. This can include building cold storage facilities, improving transportation networks, and establishing regional food hubs that connect small-scale farmers with urban markets. By modernizing and formalizing its food system, Suriname can improve food security, promote economic development, and reduce the environmental impact of food production and consumption. ANSWERS FOR ASSIGNMENT 2 SUBTOPIC 2.1