TOPIC -3 CONJUNCTION.

C.S.-II
CHAPTER -03 CONJUNCTION

1. COMMUNCATION SKILL - II PREPOSITION. FRAMING QUESTION. CONJUNCATION. TENSES.

2. 3.CONJUNCTION DEFINITION:-- A conjunction is a word which joins sentences and words . A conjunction may be used to indicate the relationship between the idea expressed in the rest of a sentence. EXAPMLES:- He neither finished his homework nor studied for the test. I went out because the sun was shining. I and Mohan were playing during lunch break Sudha is ill so she at home. This is the ground where I played football last year. He can not only drive the car but also fly the plane. I worked hard so that could get 1 st position. I can give either blue or red pen. In the following sentence underline words are conjunction.

3. TYPES OF CONJUNCTION Correlatives conjunction. Compound conjunction. Coordinate conjunction. Subordinating conjunction .

4. 1.CORRELATIVES CONJUNCTIONS Correlatives conjunction are used in pairs, in order to show the relationship between the ideas expressed in different parts of a sentence. For instance, in the following examples, the alternatives either........ or is used to indicates that the ideas expressed in the two clauses represent two alternatives choice of action. e.g., Either he should do this work or he should quit right now. In the table below , each pair of correlative conjunction is accompanied by an examples of its use. Both .... And-------------- He is both intelligent and good-natured. Either... Or---------------- I will either go for a walk or read a book. Neither .... Nor----------- He is neither rich nor famous. Hardly ... When---------- He had hardly begun to work, when he was interrupted. If.... Then------------------ If that is true, then what happened is not surprising. No sooner ... Then--------No sooner had I reached the corner, then the bus came. Not only ... But also------She is not only clever, but also hard-working. Rather... Than-------------- I would rather go swimming than go to the library. Note that in the construction if .... Then, the word then can usually be omitted (escaped)

5. 2.COMPOUND CONJUNCTIONS These conjunction are group of words and are used compoundly. 1. In order that Notes are circulated in order that students might learn them. 2.On condition that I’ll lead you money on condition that you promise to return it. 3.Even if Such an act would not be kind even if it was just. 4.So that John saved money so that he might utilize it later. 5.As if He looks as if he were weary. 6.As through He walk as through he is slightly lame. 7.As: In a similar way She talks as if she knows everything. 8.As long as (it is used in place of ‘if’ or 'while’ If: As long as we cooperate, we can finish the work easily. While: He has lived there as long as I have known him.

6. 3.COORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS Coordinate conjunctions are used to join two similar grammatical construction; for instance , two words , two phrase or two clauses. Examples: 1.My friend and I will attend the meeting. 2.Austria is famous for the beauty of its landscape and the hospitality of its people. 3.The sun rose and the birds began to sing. In these examples , the coordinate conjunction ‘and’ is used to join the two words ‘friend’ and ‘I’, the two phrase ‘the beauty of its landscape’ and ‘the hospitality of its people’, and the two clauses ‘the sunrose’ and ‘the birds began to sing’. These are of four types: 1.Cumulatives conjunction 2.Adversative 3.Alternative 4.Illative

7. These are of four types: Cumulative:- It adds two statements e.g., as well as and, both ... And, not only but also etc. i. Do you work and sleep? ii. Heera as well as her brother went to jail . iii. Not only Ramesh but Shyam also went to agra. Adversatives:- It shows contrast and oppositions between two statements e.g., but, yet, still, nevertheless, however, only, while, whereas etc. i. He was poor but honest. ii. I was upset still I went with him. iii. Movie was nice however I could not enjoy it. Alternatives:- It shows an alternatives or choice between two statement. E.g., -or, nor, either... Or , neither.....nor, else, otherwise. i. Neither I nor you can be blamed. ii. Walk quickly else we will miss the train. Illative conjunction:- It shows that one statement is inferred from another. E.g.,- therefore, so, hence, thus etc. i. He was rich so he couldn’t come. ii. She wanted sweets therefore she went to market.

8. DIFFERING PREPOSITION AND CONJUNCTION Meaning Preposition Conjunction For this reason In spite of this At the time when In a similar way Because of Despite During Like Because Although While As if

9. 4.SUB-ORDINATING CONJUNCTION A subordinating conjunction is a word that connects an  independent clause  to a  dependent clause . An independent clause can stand alone as a sentence. In other words, it does not need any additional information to operate as a sentence. The sentence "The student failed the test" is an example of an independent clause. A dependent clause adds extra information to the main clause. These clauses cannot stand by themselves and their meaning is dependent on the independent clause. They are not  complete sentences . For example, "because she didn't study" is not a complete sentence. However, combine the two clauses, and we have "The student failed the test because she didn't study." A complete idea has been expressed and enough information has been presented to fully explain the thought. What joined the two clauses? The word "because." And there we have our first subordinating conjunction . A dependent clause, also known as a subordinate clause, is a clause with two specific qualities. Firstly, it does not express a complete unit of thought on its own; it cannot stand as its own sentence. Secondly, it  depends  upon an independent clause—one that can stand on its own as a complete sentence—to form a complete idea. If independent and dependent clauses could be likened to Batman and Robin, the dependent, or  subordinate  clause would be Robin, Batman’s assistant. The independent, main clause would be Batman, his superhero boss.

10. SUB-ORDINATING CONJUNCTION EXAPMLES The subordinating conjunctions are many in number and we use them regularly in our daily  communication  without knowing. Subordinating conjunctions have different properties and they can be grouped accordingly: Those which show cause and effect(that show reason) Those which show the significance of time or place Those which show  condition Subordinating conjunctions that show Cause and Effect:- Few commonly used subordinating conjunctions that show cause and effect are because, since, though, as, hence, as a result of, in order that, so that, even though, although, unless, because of, unless, provided that etc. These conjunctions are used to show the cause and effect of something. Let us see some examples I am not going to work because I am sick.  I will not release her payment unless she completes her work. The  government  might agree to their  demands  provided they follow the rules.  Although she is petite, she has a lot of strength .

11. SUB-ORDINATING CONJUNCTION EXAPMLES Subordinating conjunctions that show the significance of Time or Place:- Few subordinating conjunctions are used to show the transition of place or time. Examples of this type of conjunctions are where, wherever, as soon as, as long as, once, when, till, until, while, whenever etc. Some examples are given below Whenever  his wife was out working, he would take care of the house. As long as  she lived, she took care of the orphanage. I won’t be back in Mumbai  until  early next week. The child ran to her mother  as soon as  she saw her.