Topographic factors.pptx

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1. The institute of integrated & honors studies Submitted to :- Submitted by :- Dr. Anil gupta Amit Kumar Botany Dept.(IIHS,KUK) B.Sc. Medical (180009) BOTANY ASSIGNMENT ON Topographic factors 2020-2021

2. TOPOGRAPHIC FACTORS

3. What are topographic factors? Topographic factors are concern with the physical features of the earth like: Altitude Latitude Slop Exposure to mountain chains, valleys etc.

4. Why topographic factors are so important? Topographic factors influence the distribution of organism and vegetation directly and indirectly by affecting the climatic factors like light, wind, rainfall, atmospheric pressure etc. These variation in climatic factors result into local or microclimate. Due to these microclimate condition we observe different kind of organism and vegetation on different slops of same mountain.

5. Cont.… Due to these microclimatic condition the organism found on the edge of a lake are different from that found in the center of the lake. Understanding the topography of an area helps to understand the biodiversity of that area.

6. Important topographic factors- 1. Altitude and latitude: Altitude : altitude is the height above the sea level.

7. Important topographic factors- 1. Altitude and latitude: Altitude : altitude is the height above the sea level.

8. Important topographic factors- 1. Altitude and latitude: Altitude : altitude is the height above the sea level.

9. Important topographic factors- 1. Altitude and latitude: Altitude : A ltitude is the height above the sea level. Latitude : A measure of relative position north or south on earth’s surface, measures in degree from the equator, which has a latitude of 0º with the poles having a latitude of 90º.

10. Important topographic factors-

11. Important topographic factors- 0º E quator

12. Important topographic factors- 0º E quator 90º 90º North pole S outh pole

13. Important topographic factors- 0º E quator 90º 90º North pole S outh pole Tropic of Capricorn Tropic of cancer Arctic circle Antarctic circle

14. Important topographic factors- 0º E quator 90º 90º North pole S outh pole Tropic of Capricorn Tropic of cancer Arctic circle Antarctic circle Latitudinal value

15. 1. Altitude and Latitude : Climatic factors like temperature, precipitation, wind velocity etc. change with change in altitude and latitude: Temperature: Temperature is correlated with altitude and latitude. With the increase in altitude, temp decrease till it becomes minimum at the mountain peaks. Similarly with the increase in latitude temp decrease till it becomes minimum at the poles. With the change in tempt distribution of species changes.

16. Cont.… Humidity and precipitation : As the temp. decrease, the moisture increase with the increase of altitude at low temp, water vapours condense quickly bringing rain. Wind velocity : wind velocity increase with increase in altitude. Beyond 3600m the wind velocity is so high that it may cause damage to trees. Solar insolation : Solar insolation is more at high altitude because at high altitude the atmosphere is more clearer and rarer Similarly with increase in latitude the sun rays become more oblique than at the equator that’s why the equator is hottest and poles are coolest.

17. Cont.… Vegetational Zone : With the change in altitude and latitude, climatic factors like temp., wind velocity, rainfall etc. change therefore vegetation type also change.

18. Cont.… Vegetational Zone : With the change in altitude and latitude, climatic factors like temp., wind velocity, rainfall etc. change therefore vegetation type also change.

19. Cont.… Vegetational Zone : With the change in altitude and latitude, climatic factors like temp., wind velocity, rainfall etc. change therefore vegetation type also change. i.e. Away from equator

20. 2. Direction of mountains and winds Direction of mountains has a tremendous effect on climate of a region Mountains steer or deflect wind into different direction and capture moisture from wind on certain sides. Consequently water vapors accumulate in particular direction as clouds and cause rainfall and no rain at all in some other direction. This may be reason why certain sides of mountain at a particular height have luxuriant growth and other side may remain dry.

21. Cont.…. In India most of the mountain intercept the monsoon winds coming from bay of Bengal and Arabian sea therefore widespread rain occur throughout the northern India whereas Aravalli hills of Rajasthan are parallel to direction of monsoon winds so Rajasthan doesn’t receive much rain.

22. Cont.…. In India most of the mountain intercept the monsoon winds coming from bay of Bengal and Arabian sea therefore widespread rain occur throughout the northern India whereas Aravalli hills of Rajasthan are parallel to direction of monsoon winds so Rajasthan doesn’t receive much rain.

23. Cont.…. In India most of the mountain intercept the monsoon winds coming from bay of Bengal and Arabian sea therefore widespread rain occur throughout the northern India whereas Aravalli hills of Rajasthan are parallel to direction of monsoon winds so Rajasthan doesn’t receive much rain. Windward side

24. Cont.…. In India most of the mountain intercept the monsoon winds coming from bay of Bengal and Arabian sea therefore widespread rain occur throughout the northern India whereas Aravalli hills of Rajasthan are parallel to direction of monsoon winds so Rajasthan doesn’t receive much rain. Windward side Leeward side

25. Cont.…. In India most of the mountain intercept the monsoon winds coming from bay of Bengal and Arabian sea therefore widespread rain occur throughout the northern India whereas Aravalli hills of Rajasthan are parallel to direction of monsoon winds so Rajasthan doesn’t receive much rain. Windward side Leeward side

26. Cont.…. The slope side of mountain which is in the way of moist winds is called Windward side. It receive heavy rainfall and thus has luxuriant growth. The opposite side of the slop is called Leeward side. It does not receive much rain remains dry. This side also known as rain shadow.

27. 3. Steepness of slop slop is characteristic feature of mountains. The steepness of the slop and its smoothness determine the rate of run off water and hydration of the soil. On the steep slopes and smooth terrace, rain water flow rapidly and doesn’t get sufficient time to percolate into the soil. Thus soil is not sufficiently hydrated rather remains dry. Such slopes are called topographic desert .

28. Cont.…. On the other hand where slop is not steep and irregular terrace, the rate of run off water decreases, water get sufficient time to penetrate into the soil therefore soil is well hydrated and has luxuriant vegetation. On the steep slop soil erosion is frequent even the moderate rainfall takes away the top soil causing denudation and disappearance of the plants. This results into formation of new type of habitat with rocky surface that supports different type of vegetation.

29. Morni hills (Chandigarh)

30. Step farming in India

31. 4. Exposure of slop to sun and winds Exposure to sun : with the same degree of inclination the sun facing slopes receive more solar radiation. Sun facing slop receive perpendicular sunrays whereas non sun facing receive oblique sun rays. In Himalayas the non sun facing northern slopes are cooler than sun facing southern slopes.

32. Cont.… Exposure to Wind : Exposure of slopes to dry or moist winds determine the type of vegetation. A sunward slope exposed to moist wind show rich vegetation while the same slop if receive dry wind have xeric vegetation.

33. V alleys Most of the valleys have luxuriant vegetation because: Humus rich soil from hills carried by run off water get deposited in valleys. Water table lies near to the surface whereas in mountains it is very deep. Valleys have springs and waterfalls which continuously hydrate the soil. Water vapours that rise up in valley usually condense over the valley itself causing local rains.

34. S ainj valley (Himachal Pradesh)

35. Thankyou