Total station Advanced Surveying Instrument

Total Station is an
Advanced Surveying Instrument used for both linear and angular measurements . It gives accurate result. It saves time.

1. Presented By, Prof. S. A. Chougule TOTAL STATION

2. Surveying is the most important, oldest practice carried out, which includes, taking of measurements on, below or above the surface of the ground and to plan the course of further actions, based on the findings of the survey. The linear measurements and angular measurements are measured with the aid of few instruments, viz., tape, chain, staff, dumpy level, theodolite, etc. All the readings are noted in field books or survey records and kept as a hard copy and the calculations are done later in office With such surveying instruments, survey work will be slow and tedious. BASICS OF SURVEYING SBGI Miraj Total Station 2

3. SBGI Miraj Total Station 3 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF SURVEYING Always work from whole to the part Location of a Point by measurement (Linear or Angular) from at least two points of reference

4. SBGI Miraj Total Station 4 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF SURVEYING

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7. SBGI Miraj Total Station 7 TOTAL STATION

8. A combination of an electronic theodolite, an electronic distance meter (EDM) and software running on an external computer. SBGI Miraj Total Station 8 TOTAL STATION

9. Total Station=Digital Theodolite + Built-in EDM + Built-in data collector + Microprocessor SBGI Miraj Total Station 9 TOTAL STATION

10. An optical instrument used in modern surveying. Determine angles and distances. Can display the results in a real time. Used for all types of surveys. Replaced all instruments. SBGI Miraj Total Station 10 TOTAL STATION

11. Targets or Prisms to accurately define the target point of direction measurement. A download cable and software on a PC to capture and process the captured digital data to produce contour and detail maps SBGI Miraj Total Station 11 AUXILIARY EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED

12. SBGI Miraj Total Station 12 PRISM

13. SBGI Miraj Total Station 13 PRINCIPLE OF EDM The general principle involves sending  a  modulated  Electro-magnetic (EM) beam from one transmitter at the master station to a reflector at the remote station and receiving it back at the master station.  The instrument measures slope distance between transmitter and receiver by modulating the continuous carrier wave at different frequencies, and then measuring the phase difference at the master station between the outgoing and the incoming signals. This establishes the following relationship for a double distance (2D ).

14. SBGI Miraj Total Station 14 PRINCIPLE OF EDM Distance = Velocity X Time

15. Measures ,Records and Calculates 1.Horizontal Angle 2.Vertical Angle 3.Horizontal Distance 4. Vertical Distance 5. Slope Distance 6.X,Y,Z co-ordinates 7. Layout etc. SBGI Miraj Total Station 15 TOTAL STATION

16. It is used for: General purpose angle measurement. General purpose distance measurement. Provision of control surveys. Contour and detail mapping. Setting out and construction work. SBGI Miraj Total Station 16 TOTAL STATION

17. Distance measurement : A total station has a small solid state emitter within the instrument’s optical path. They generate modulated microwave or infrared signals that are reflected by a prism reflector or the object under survey. The modulation pattern in the returning signal is read and interpreted by the computer in the total station. The distance is thus determined by emitting and receiving multiple frequencies and determining the integer number of wavelength, to the target, for each frequency. SBGI Miraj Total Station 17 TOTAL STATION: Functions

18. Coordinates determination: Total station determines the coordinates of an unknown point relative to the known coordinate by establishing a direct line of sight between the two points. Angles and distances are measured from the total station to points under survey and the coordinates of surveyed points relative to the total station position are calculated using trigonometry and triangulation. Some total stations have Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), which does not require direct line of sight to determine coordinates. SBGI Miraj Total Station 18 TOTAL STATION: Functions

19. Angular measurement: Most of the modern total stations have digital bar- codes on rotating glass cylinder that are installed within the instrument. Angle measurements is done through electro-optical scanning of these digital bar-codes. Data processing: The data recorded by the instrument may be downloaded from the theodolite to a computer and the application software in turn generates a map of the survey area. Many advanced models of total station have built-in micro-processor to record and compute distances, horizontal and vertical angles. SBGI Miraj Total Station 19 TOTAL STATION: Functions

20. The following post processing computer software packages are in use for various engineering applications. Arc Pad, arc view, arc info -conversion from raster to vector form Micro Station - Map generation 3.Erdas – Image processing s/w Surfer , Auto plotter, Civil cad, Pythagoras – preparation of contours Survey aid – to draw c/s and l/s The information received is to be analyzed depending on the users requirement. SBGI Miraj Total Station 20 Data Process

21. Quick setting of the instrument on the tripod using laser plummet. Greater accuracy in area computation. Automation of old map. On-board area computation Programme to compute the area of the field. Integration of database. Graphical view of plots and land SBGI Miraj Total Station 21 TOTAL STATION: Advantages

22. Difficult for the surveyor to look over and check the work while working. Instrument is costly. For operation, skilled persons are required. For over all check of the survey, it will be necessary to return appropriate software. SBGI Miraj Total Station 22 TOTAL STATION: Disadvantages

23. General Field : Mainly used by land surveyors. Used by archaeologists to record excavations. By Police, crime scene investigators, private accident re-constructionists and insurance companies to take measurements of scenes. Civil Engineering General purpose angle measurements. General purpose distance measurement. Provision of control surveys. Contour and detail mapping. Setting out and construction work. SBGI Miraj Total Station 23 TOTAL STATION: Applications

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