Town and country planning

This presentation covers the syllabi of bachelor degree in civil engineering of Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Nanded, Maharashtra

1. Town and Country Planning Mohd . Zameeruddin Mohd . Saleemuddin Assistant professor, Department of Civil Engineering, MGM’s College of Engineering, Nanded ( m.s ) © mzsengineeringtechnologies email@ [email protected]; [email protected] Lecture No. 1: Introduction

2. Syllabus Theory paper- 80 Term work- No Test-20 Section A (40) Unit 1: Evaluation of Town Planning Unit 2: Fundamental of Town Planning Unit 3: Urban Transports Section B (40) Unit 4: Town Planning and Industries Unit 5: Urban Renewal and Redevelopment Unit 6: Building Byelaws. Recommended books: Town Planning – S. C. Rangwala Town and Country Planning – M. K. Gandhi Town and Country Planning – Modak and Ambedkar 2 © mzsengineeringtechnologies

3. Origin of Towns Social evolution Collective security Control over environment Education Business and Industries Administration Recreation and tourism Military areas © mzsengineeringtechnologies

4. Ancient Towns Memphis Thebes Urs Babylon Persepolis Mohanjo – Daro Perking Patliputra Takshasila Nalanda © mzsengineeringtechnologies

5. Town Planning It is the term used to indicate the arrangement of various components or units of a town in such a way that the town as such attains the significance of a living organism - S. C. Rangwala The town planning is a science as well as an art too …… Collecting Correlating Analysis Beautiful Convenient Economical Efficient unit © mzsengineeringtechnologies

6. Objects of Town Planning Beauty Convenience Environment Health Principles of Town Planning Green belt – Limitation of town size Housing – Accommodation to various categories of people Public buildings – well balanced grouping and distribution Recreation centers – Social binding Road systems – Layout of its road Transport facilities – Minimum loss of time Zoning – Commercial zone, Industrial zone, residential zone,etc . © mzsengineeringtechnologies

7. Necessity of Town Planning Defective road system Development of slums and squatter settlements Haphazard location of industries Traffic congestion Inadequate open spaces Lack of essential amenities Noisy atmosphere Uncontrolled development Unhealthy living © mzsengineeringtechnologies

8. Growth of Town © mzsengineeringtechnologies

9. Natural Growth Growth of town has been taken place without any future planning. On spot decisions has been made for immediate comfort and convenience of residents. Provisions of various essential amenities such as road system, parks, play grounds, schools, industrial units, commercial centers, hospitals, cinemas are made in an irregular way without any consideration for future expansion of the town © mzsengineeringtechnologies

10. Concentric Spread This type of development takes place due to tendency of people to near to town centre. Town develops in the form of concentric rings with nucleus as a town. The idea of concentric spread is based on the fact that similar or functionally related activities will be located at the same distance from centre of an urban area. First zone embodies the central business district and focal point of commercial, social and civic life of town area. Disadvantages: Improper housing Concentration of people More transportation time and charges Congestion of the traffic and accidents Inner zone extends its area by invading the adjoining zone © mzsengineeringtechnologies

11. Ribbon Development Ribbon development is building houses along the routes of communications radiating from a human settlement. Such development results long fingers or ribbons of houses, factories, shops, etc as shown in image The development involves usage of land along the frontage of highway or service roads, the interior is left undeveloped causing of wastage of valuable land © mzsengineeringtechnologies

12. Disadvantages of Ribbon Development As a result of linear expansion of housing along the length of highway or service roads, there is increase in cost of basic utility services like water supply, electricity, telephone, etc resulting in wastage of available resources. Future improvements becomes costlier, difficult and some times not possible. The housing face heavy traffic associated with noise and polluted air. Traffic congestions and traffic delays becomes common feature of town. Loss of traffic capacity and efficiency due to local traffic, pedestrians, minor and major accidents, advertisement and obstruction to view. There is lack of social life. Needs creation of a competent authority to enforce the various legislative measures. Removal of encroachments from the road right-of-way, etc. © mzsengineeringtechnologies

13. Satellite Town Expansive development of town reaching certain size, results in development of near by town known as satellite town Term satellite is used to indicate a body under the influence of a more powerful body but possessing it own identity © mzsengineeringtechnologies

14. Satellite Town Features: Possess its own local government and corporate life. Connected with parent city by local trains, buses etc. Own capabilities to decide economic, social and cultural activities. Located beyond the green belt of parent city. No industrial development is allowed, only reserved for residential area having local shops, small scale industries like dairy, cereal mills etc. The residents may be workers serving to industry or offices of parent city Disadvantages: Over stated or over-estimated journey to work. Depends on efficiency of transport systems Deprived of entertainment and cultural activity © mzsengineeringtechnologies

15. Scattered Growth Towns shows erratic growth. Develops in a very irregular way. Results into traffic congestion, encroachment of industries on residential areas, slums, lack of parks , wastage of funds and valuable lands. © mzsengineeringtechnologies

16. Planned Growth © mzsengineeringtechnologies Town develops in a predetermined line as conceived by town planner and building officials. Enforcement of suitable rule and regulations. Proper land uses is assured by strictly following zonation . Assurance of public utilities such as water supply, electricity, drainage, gas service, telephone, etc. Assurance of educational facilities like schools, library, colleges, etc. Assurance of recreational facilities like, park, garden, play ground, stadium, etc.

17. Growth according to direction : Horizontal © mzsengineeringtechnologies Town expands and develops horizontally in all directions Such growth is possible at places where plenty land is available in nominal cost Advantages: Saving in construction cost. Doest not require high technical personnel's. Maximum possible use of natural light. Density of population is restricted. Marginal space surrounding can be used for gardening

18. © mzsengineeringtechnologies Growth according to direction : Vertical City grows vertically which is achieved by adding more floors in existing buildings or by constructing high rise structures Such growth is suitable where there is high land values Advantages: Sense of social life. Cost per unit area will be in the reasonable limit. Considerable saving in land. Maximum use of modern construction techniques. Disadvantages: Density of population is more. Provisions for life safety arrangements for natural calamities. Deprived of natural living near the ground.

19. Stages of Town development Sir Patrick Geddes (1854-1932) Produces mainly human necessities e.g. Agriculture Village Acts as centre of exchange e.g. Marketing town Provides residential, recreational and educational facilities © mzsengineeringtechnologies

20. Stages of Town development Lewis Mumford © mzsengineeringtechnologies

21. Stages of Town development Griffith Taylor The town is divided into separate distinct zones. In this shops are separated from houses and there are few factories In this stage, the town is distinctly divided into residential zone and industrial zone. This stage indicates the physical decay of most of the portions of the town © mzsengineeringtechnologies

22. Stages of Town development (Indian) Population 400 -500 souls Primary occupation Agriculture Stability Primary school, open well, Murom roads, mobile dispensary, etc. Population 2000-3000 souls Primary occupation Cultural, commercial and administrative Stability Secondary school, tube well, Murom roads, mobile dispensary, community hall, etc. Groups 10-15 basic villages Population 5000-7000 souls Primary occupation Small scale industries over and above the agricultural employment Stability colleges, pipe water supply, Macadam roads, health center, community hall, etc. Groups 25-30 basic villages Last level of settlement Population City 50,000 – 1,00,000 Great – City 1,00,000 – over Super – City More than 3 Lacs . Metropolis 1 cr and above Megalopolis 5 cr and above © mzsengineeringtechnologies

23. Forms of planning To maintain the continuity in the planning process, following forms of planning are considered; Local planning Country planning Regional planning National planning International planning © mzsengineeringtechnologies

24. Local planning Planning is based on creation of healthful living and working environment for the majority of the inhabitants of the town with due consideration to the physical background, economic limitations, public administration, finance and change in technology, etc. The development plan for city or town aims at proper distribution of population densities, regulation of green belts, suitable division of the area in various zone of the area in various zone, etc. © mzsengineeringtechnologies

25. Country planning The planning aims at controlled development of area surrounding a town. A town is surrounded by villages and rural planning becomes necessary for the proper functioning of town. For this surrounding villages should be linked up with suitable transport facilities. Encouragement should be given for the growth of small scale industries such as dairy , poultry forming, basket and rope making, hand looms etc. Planning aims to achieve proper balance between agriculture and industries. © mzsengineeringtechnologies

26. Regional planning Regional planning helps in controlling and reshaping major towns in the region. Term region is used to define as an area separated not merely or exclusively by natural boundaries but equally by political or administrative boundaries. Four methods of determining a region is advocated; Geographic boundaries, Economic considerations, Administrative convenience, and Metropolitan influence. © mzsengineeringtechnologies

27. Country planning cannot be divorced from town and regional planning, because the town and country are not two separate entities but are complementary to each other Regional planning It avoids the wasteful duplication of facilities. It ensures the most profitable utilization of the resources at minimum expense for the maximum benefit. Provides information regarding the economic functions. It grants mutual control over the areas in the region. It grants planned and harmonious development. It involves planning in terms of regional dimensions. It reveals new town-planning and building principles. It serves as a link of co-operation and co-ordination between the areas of the region. © mzsengineeringtechnologies

28. National planning National planning involves careful study of the social, education, economic, industrial and other problems facing a country and suggests measures to be adopted to obtain realistic solution thereto. It accounts for country’s existing and potential resources in men, materials, power, manufacturing industry, etc and draw out a phased programme of action for achieving the targets set in the various spheres of activity. whole country is considered as a single unit and an overall picture of development is kept in view, while striving to strike a balance between the various states In India, the various five year plans are an example of National Planning. © mzsengineeringtechnologies

29. National planning Vision: Development of nation in terms of its administrative or political system. Development of various economic sectors such as agriculture, fishing, mining, quarrying, etc. Developments in terms of social sector such as clothing, housing, food, education, health, employment, recreation, etc. Development at various level i.e. international level to local level or vice versa. © mzsengineeringtechnologies

30. International planning International planning came in to picture with the formation of United Nation Organization (UNO). It involves numerous study and surveys in the fields such as health, education, housing, food and agriculture. The studies helps in finding out remedies and solutions of complicated problems at an international level. UNESCO, WHO, LIC, GROUP 8 SUMMIT, SAARC, UNISEF © mzsengineeringtechnologies

31. Memphis Townships Euphrates River Surrounding wall Moats Ishtar gate Temple Hangout gardens Ancient planning (Pre- Mediaeval) © mzsengineeringtechnologies

32. Walled city Narrow roads Cramped dwellings Emperor palace at centre Peking Townships Ancient planning (Pre- Mediaeval) © mzsengineeringtechnologies

33. Walled city Narrow roads Cramped dwellings Emperor palace at centre ElburgTownships Ancient planning (Pre- Mediaeval) © mzsengineeringtechnologies

34. Noerdlingen Townships Walled city Cramped dwellings Emperor palace at centre Irregular pattern roads Ancient planning (Pre- Mediaeval) © mzsengineeringtechnologies

35. Ancient planning (Mediaeval town) Square form temple shops Public building grouped arround © mzsengineeringtechnologies

36. Regular layout of street Perfect system of water supply and drainage Tow mounds Monastery Bath Mohenjo - Daro Ancient planning (Mediaeval town) © mzsengineeringtechnologies

37. Ancient planning (Mediaeval town) Grid iron pattern Perfect system of water supply and drainage Lakes © mzsengineeringtechnologies

38. Ancient planning (Renaissance town) Vienna, Capital of Austria © mzsengineeringtechnologies

39. First Sanitary And Public Health Act of Great Britain (1840) This was an first attempt to control the quality of construction from private housing. The act controls only the construction of individual building by laying down standards for structural stability, their fire-proof construction, provision of sanitary appliances, water supply, adequate ventilation, pedestrian and vehicular traffic Disadvantages: The act did not contain any provision in regard to the relationship of the individual building with neighbouring buildings and amenities such as primary and secondary schools, shopping facilities, open spaces or other essential needs, by earmarking land for these purpose. © mzsengineeringtechnologies

40. The major change in present act was made with an amendment in the act to enable local authorities to acquire and clear insanitary dwelling and to construct new houses on the sites occupied by them, the Act was renamed as; Housing Act (1980) First Sanitary And Public Health Act of Great Britain (1840) © mzsengineeringtechnologies

41. First Sanitary And Public Health Act of Great Britain (1840) To provide remedy to first to deal with town planning and housing was passed in Great Britain in 1909. Its main objective was to achieve the basic concept of town planning viz. ensuring the use of land in the best interests of the nation as a whole and preventing further mischief. As some of the suburban developments of cities were sterilizing the country's most valuable resources © mzsengineeringtechnologies

42. Garden City The concept of garden city was put forth by a shorthand writer in the house of common, Ebenezer Howard in 1898 . In his book titled “ To-morrow” later published under title “garden cities of To-morrow”. The idea of city called by him a garden city, to reconcile country life and town life and to grant various other advantages to population of this city. This concept find his way in formulation by Garden Cities and Town planning Association, 1919 © mzsengineeringtechnologies

43. “Garden cities allowed a genuine celebration and renewal of nature, even within an essentially urban industrial economy.” Garden cities have been the richest source of planning over the last century. Within the principles of garden cities many key principles of planning practice in the 20 th century can be found. Land use segregation Master planning Residential site planning Neighborhood units Road hierarchies Garden City Shopping malls Industrial parks Regional planning Planned decentralization Greenbelts © mzsengineeringtechnologies

44. Garden City Definition:- “A garden city is a town designed for healthy living and industry; of a size that makes possible a full measure of social life, but no larger; surrounded by a rural belt; the whole of land being in public ownership or held in trust for the community” Principles of garden city; Co-operative holding of a land to insure that the advantage of appreciation of land values goes to the community and not to the private individual; Economic and social advantages of the large scale planning; Establishment of cities limited in size, but at the same time, possessing a balanced agricultural and industrial economy; Urban decentralization; and Use of a surrounding green belt to serve as an agricultural, recreational area and to assist the extension of limit. © mzsengineeringtechnologies

45. Garden City

46. Garden City Outcome of study of Three Magnets; It contains open spaces and gardens around all the dwelling houses and also factory buildings. Population which is neither too small nor too large. Howard advocated the limit of population between 30,000 to 40,000 City is owned by all citizens on a co-operative basis. Ownership extends up to green belt or agricultural zone. Independent entity having its own civic life and affording all the daily needs with adequate space for schools and other functional purposes and pleasant parks and parkways © mzsengineeringtechnologies © mzsengineeringtechnologies

47. Garden City Self sustain unit having its own industries. Town area is surrounded on its periphery by a green belt i.e. a larger area is reserved permanently for agriculture ensuring the country’s benefits. No need to have rapid transit arrangements Principle of zoning is followed Surplus fund is utilized for the development of the community itself. © mzsengineeringtechnologies © mzsengineeringtechnologies

48. Garden City Letchworth (1903) 48 km from London Total area 1851 hectares Green belt 1200 hectares Houses 8500 Factories 95 Population 28000 Planned as a home of all kinds of industries with facilities of cheap light, power, fuel and water. Designed to meet the requirement of workers and labourers Welwyn (1920) Midway of London and Cambridge Classification of garden Cities Garden city or self-contained industrial community. Garden suburb for residential accommodation. garden or factory village built around a large manufacturing concern by its employers. © mzsengineeringtechnologies

49. Comparison of Garden Cities and Satellite Town Sr. No Feature Garden cities Satellite towns 1 Dependence Self-sufficient and self-contained units Dependent on the parent city except having local shops, primary schools, etc 2 Gardens Around all houses and factories Not compulsory 3 Green belts Surrounded by green belt Situated outside green belt of the parent city 4 Industries Permitted Not permitted 5 Rapid transit arrangement Not necessary Necessary in the form of local train and buses 6 Roads and communication Arterial and streets Only one arterial road to the parent city 7 Zoning Essential May or may not have © mzsengineeringtechnologies

50. SURVEYS THE PEOPLE, THEIR INTERESTS AND OCCUPATIONS AND HOW THEY FOLLOW THEM; AND THE LAND AND BUILDINGS AND HOW THEY SERVE THEIR INTERESTS Chief Subject of surveys Maps Charts Schedules models Statistics Collection Tabulation Presentation Collected Processed Arranged Integrity Honestly objectively © mzsengineeringtechnologies

51. SURVEYS Necessity The surveys draws attention to the inter-relation between various complicated activities of a town life. The survey stresses the local requirements and appropriate treatment to be given socially, conveniently and artistically Role To evaluate the effects of development; To present detailed reasoned reports; To provide the necessary understanding before decision for development are made; and To study the situation objectively and factually

52. Collection of data Functional survey Social survey Territorial survey Vital survey Functional survey Means of communication, condition of industries and commerce, implementation of plan and financial aspects Social survey Community structure, history, architecture, health conditions, housing and public services © mzsengineeringtechnologies

53. Collection of data Territorial survey Physical features, agricultural soil, forests, climatic conditions and type of soils Vital survey Actual population, future population, growth of town, density of population, and occupation of people © mzsengineeringtechnologies

54. Types of survey Preliminary survey National survey Regional survey Civic survey Preliminary survey Electric power General amenities Highways Housings Industries Land use Railways Water supply and sewerage National survey Administration Agriculture Communication facilities Economic development Geography Natural resources Urban settlement Civic survey Communication amenities Contour Existing land uses and land values Historical background Housing Population Preservation of natural resources Public buildings Public health Public services topography Regional surveys © mzsengineeringtechnologies

55. Methods adopted to collect data Questionnaires Interviews Specialists Records and reports Town planner himself Questionnaires House to house Local newspaper Journal Return by post Interviews Specialist Organization Open forum Telephonic Specialists Experts of fields Experts from Organization Records / reports Government offices Police departments Municipal offices Revenue departments © mzsengineeringtechnologies

56. Drawings Maps Drawings Charts Diagrams © mzsengineeringtechnologies

57. ZONING Term zoning in planning Sense include two aspects; Allocation of land for specific purpose, and Control of use, height and construction of buildings It is defined as the regulation by law of the use of land and (or) buildings and of the height and density of buildings in specific areas for the purpose of securing convenience, health, safety and general welfare of the community. © mzsengineeringtechnologies

58. Zoning Applied for certain type of general use Reservation Confined to the uses of specific nature such as; Gardens, schools, markets, police station, playground, etc. ZONING Zoning regulations Meant for the use of character, height and density and they prescribe how parcel of land in a community may be put to use Structural regulations Impose restrictions on the building materials and workmanship in the form of specification. © mzsengineeringtechnologies

59. ZONING Uses of land Profit-making uses of land Non-profit making land Offices Residences Industries Roads Parks Play grounds Educational buildings Government offices They work hand to hand © mzsengineeringtechnologies

60. ZONING Objects The town planner gets ample opportunities for designing the future growth and development of the town. The zoning affords proper co-ordination of various public amenities. Effective tool for making town planning scheme effective and successful. © mzsengineeringtechnologies

61. ZONING Arrangement of zones Boundaries Existing towns Flexibility New towns Principles of Zoning Danger from fires Future developments General amenities Health of community Population distribution Public utility services Advantages © mzsengineeringtechnologies

62. ZONING Aspects of Zoning Density zoning Height zoning Use zoning © mzsengineeringtechnologies

63. ZONING Density Zoning The front, side and rear margins from the boundaries are specified. The maximum height of the building is specified. The minimum size of allotment for each house is specified. The number of houses per unit area is specified. The ration of total site area to the total built-up floor area is specified Gross density The average density of population per unit area of the whole residential zone Net density The average density of population per unit of housing area including local roads and excluding open spaces © mzsengineeringtechnologies

64. Density Zoning In a broad sense, it is measure of the intensity of land use. It is expressed as the number of persons living on an acre or any other unit of land which indicates the concentration of people living thereon. Large number of people living per acre (overcrowding) is termed as higher density, and treated as evil. Lower densities are desirable © mzsengineeringtechnologies

65. Types of densities Densities are of three types; Net density Gross density Overall density Yet another kind of density is; - Town density Density Zoning © mzsengineeringtechnologies

66. Net density The number of people per acre of the residential area including small gardens patches, open spaces between buildings, internal roads and plus half width of surrounding roads up to 20 feet. Gross density The number of people per acre over the whole defined area which includes public buildings, industrial buildings, and large open areas plus half width of surrounding roads up to 20 feet. Density Zoning © mzsengineeringtechnologies

67. Overall density The number of people per acre over a large area of the town affecting its general economy Town density The number of people per acre over the entire area of town, embracing residential, industrial, commercial, educational, recreational, transport and other functions. Unusable areas occupied by large quarry pits, river beds, streams, lakes, airfield, military area within town limits is also accounted Density Zoning © mzsengineeringtechnologies

68. Factors governing density; The desire for ample light and sunshine prevails in cold climate. The desire for shade and protection from glare prevails in hot climate. In humid tropical countries, the cool breeze is most welcome and host, dust laden winds are to be guarded against. Where heat and light from sun is enjoyable, the development can be open and of lower density Where protection from heat glare and burning winds is desired, higher density is preferred. Density Zoning © mzsengineeringtechnologies

69. Set-Back Is defined as frontage margin or open space in front of the abutting street or road The land contained in set-back belongs to the owner of the property but he is prohibited from putting any structure in set-back portion A set-back is also referred to as a building line The width of set-back varies from 1.00 m to 1.50 m for congested area and 4.50 m to 6.00 m for new undeveloped area. Density Zoning © mzsengineeringtechnologies

70. Following are the advantages of set-backs; If necessary, part of the set-backs may be acquired for the purpose of widening the road. If set-back is uniform, the buildings are constructed in one line parallel to axis of road, resulting in improvements of road. It results in better condition of air, light and ventilation of the buildings. The set-backs at street corners improve visibility and impart safety to traffic. the space of set-backs can be used for parking places and developing garden patches. Forms isolation from street nuisance and dust. Reduces danger of fire by increasing the distance between opposite buildings Density Zoning © mzsengineeringtechnologies

71. HEIGHT ZONING Light plane Its is an check applied to the height of one building does not obstruct ventilation of the property on the other side of the road. A light plane is marked at a suitable angle from the edge of road on other side and the height of building is suitably curtailed of to allow the light plane to pass. The angle of light plane is 45 or 63.50 © mzsengineeringtechnologies

72. HEIGHT ZONING Floor Space Index (FSI) or Floor Area Ratio (FAR) The ratio of the total built-up area inclusive of walls of all the floors to the area of the land on which the building stands is known as floor space index (FSI) or floor area ratio (FAR) It may different for different areas and for different buildings of the town The Floor Area Ratio is the total building square footage (building area) divided by the site size square footage (site area). © mzsengineeringtechnologies

73. HEIGHT ZONING Floor Space Index (FSI) or Floor Area Ratio (FAR) The illustration above shows a Floor Area Ratio (FAR) of 1.0. This simply means that, if the area of the plot is 100 square meters, then 100 square meters of gross floor area has been built on the plot. The illustration above shows a 4-story building covering 1/4 of the site, giving a FAR of 1.0. Four floors of 25 square meters each are built on a site of 100 square meters. The reference design for carefree cities is based on a FAR of 1.5. Here are some ways to get to a FAR of 1.5 © mzsengineeringtechnologies

74. Example : Calculate no of story if FAR is 150% ground coverage is 25% HEIGHT ZONING Floor Space Index (FSI) or Floor Area Ratio (FAR) 150 = N x 25 X 100 / 100 N = 150 / 25 N = 6 Stories © mzsengineeringtechnologies

75. HEIGHT ZONING The zones are usually classified into following four categories; Residential zone ………………40% to 50% Commercial zone ……………..2% to 5% Industrial zone………………… 2% to 25% Recreational zone …………….. remaining Advantages: Best use of land for which it is reserved. Stabilization of land values. Unnecessary intrusion of factories and industries in residential area is avoided.

76. Housing A house is defined by the National Building Organization (NBO) as a Pucca or Semi- pucca unit of dwelling that can accommodate an average household. © mzsengineeringtechnologies

77. Kuctha Pucca Housing Semi-Pucca © mzsengineeringtechnologies A house in a general sense represents the smallest unit from where the town planning scheme emerges The success or failure of all the town planning scheme rest on effective provision of housing for the population to be served by the town planning schemes

78. Demand for House Immobility Initial investment Other problems Requirements of residential buildings Height Location Orientation Parks Privacy Security Space Utility services Ventilation Housing constraints © mzsengineeringtechnologies

79. Housing Ideal building site Cost of land Distance from place of work Nature of use of adjacent areas Availability of public amenities Location in respect to schools, public building and parks and play grounds Transport facilities Contour of land in relation to the building costs Agriculture potentiality of the land Ease of drainage © mzsengineeringtechnologies

80. Housing Classification of residential buildings; Detached houses Semi-detached houses Row of houses Apartments or Flats Skyscrapers Detached houses © mzsengineeringtechnologies

81. Housing Detached houses It reflects high profile form of residence and adopted where land prices are comparatively low. The requirement of individual family to be accommodated is provided. Sufficient margins are left on sides, front and rear. It may also include amenities such as private garden, swimming pool, etc. © mzsengineeringtechnologies

82. Semi-detached houses A common boundary wall in the form of structural barrier divides an independent plot into two units. sharing expenses of common amenities such as water lines, drainage lines, electric cables, etc. © mzsengineeringtechnologies Housing

83. Row houses These represents accommodation for lower income group such as labuorers and workers. Provides minimum requirements such as living room and kitchen (RK) © mzsengineeringtechnologies Housing

84. Apartments or flats An apartment consists of three to seven storey's and each floor or storey may accommodate two or four tenements. There is considerable rise in the price of city land © mzsengineeringtechnologies Housing

85. Skyscrapers © mzsengineeringtechnologies The growing need of land and consequently sudden shooting rise in price of land in big cities further led to the conception of multi- storeyed buildings or they are popularly known as skyscrapers Housing

86. Housing Design of residential areas Aesthetics Basic materials Housing unit Layout Size and shape Street system © mzsengineeringtechnologies

87. Housing Agencies for housing Government Co-operative housing societies Individuals © mzsengineeringtechnologies

88. Housing Government agencies State government Central government Postal department Income tax department Railways Local authorities Rent Restriction Act Standard Rent Act Land Ceiling and Regulation Act © mzsengineeringtechnologies

89. Housing Co-operative housing societies Bombay was the first to take initiative of co-operative housing society, known as Saraswat Co-operative housing society (1915) A group of house-seeking persons combine and form a legal body, known as housing society Acquisition of land at reasonable price; and Financial help in the form of loans to be paid in installments at low rates of interest,

90. Housing Individuals The houses and flats are constructed by the individual with his own investment. Big employers can provide housing accommodation to their employees and workers © mzsengineeringtechnologies

91. Rural Housing According to the census of India, 1971 a settlement is defined as an urban settlement only if the following conditions are satisfied; The estimated population of 1971 is at least 5000 persons; The density of population per km2 is below 400; 75% of the male working population is non-agriculture pursuits; and Any other place where urban characteristics were found which may be defined by the Director of Census Operation © mzsengineeringtechnologies

92. Rural Housing Important aspects of the rural housing; Accommodation Drainage Drinking water Housing activity Institutional activity Other amenities © mzsengineeringtechnologies

93. Rural Housing Typical Rural House Court yard Rooms verandah © mzsengineeringtechnologies

94. Rural Housing Economic development Improvement Self-help Gujarat Rural Housing Finance Corporation Limited (GRUH) Housing Development Finance Corporation (HDFC) Aga Khan Fund for Economic Development (AKFED) © mzsengineeringtechnologies

95. Slums Substandard Housing Conditions Slum Areas Improvement and Clearance Act, 1956 Reason of dilapidation Over crowding Faulty arrangement of design Lack of ventilation Light or sanitary facilities or any combination Detrimental to safety, health and morals © mzsengineeringtechnologies

96. Slums Ahatas in Uttar Pradesh Bustees in Bengal Cherries in Madras Chawls or Jhopadis in Mumbai © mzsengineeringtechnologies

97. Causes of Slums Decentralization Economic conditions Education Improper used of land Industrialization Lack of zoning Migrants Powers of local authority Repair and maintenance Education Economic conditions © mzsengineeringtechnologies

98. Characteristics of Slums Appearance Fire hazards Health and sanitation Income criteria Morals Overcrowding Population Social isolation Way of life © mzsengineeringtechnologies

99. Effects of slums Absence of amenities Health Surrounding locality Undesirable spots Working conditions Slum Clearance Complete removal method Improvement method Prevention of slum formation Cheap housing Compulsion to employers Construction of buildings Maintenance and repairs Rent restrictions Social education Unauthorized construction © mzsengineeringtechnologies

100. UNIT III Traffic Engineering --- Traffic study, improvement of traffic facilities, road intersections and its optimum use, congestion and parking traffic control device, refuge islands, raped transit systems © mzsengineeringtechnologies

101. Traffic Engineering It is the branch of engineering which deals with the improvements of traffic performance of road networks and terminals. The study includes regulations for traffic, characteristics, controlling and guiding measures for traffic, flow of traffic at junctions, parking areas, traffic survey, engineering elements of road system effecting traffic operation, improvements of traffic facilities in existing towns and cities etc. © mzsengineeringtechnologies Ensure safe and free use of the road

102. Objectives of traffic engineering To achieve ease and smooth flow of traffic To have safe, convenient, rapid and economic transport of men and goods To improve capacity and speed of vehicle To reduce delays in road journeys To reduce road accidents To reduce traffic congestion To provide sufficient parking area for vehicles © mzsengineeringtechnologies

103. © mzsengineeringtechnologies

104. Traffic Studies Aims of traffic studies are as follows; To determine the facilities provided on road and to suggest the measures to improve the traffic bearing capacity of the road. To analyze the road accidents and to find out road elements contributing to their occurrence. To get data for suitable geometric design of various components of road. To obtain the knowledge of the nature of traffic at present and to forecast its future trend. To provide suitable parking facilities. To suggest controlling measures for speed etc. © mzsengineeringtechnologies

105. Traffic Studies are also called as Traffic Surveys Origin and destination survey Parking survey Spot speed study Speed and delay survey Traffic volume survey Accident survey © mzsengineeringtechnologies

106. Origin‐destination (O‐D) surveys provide a detailed picture of the trip patterns and travel choices of a city’s or region’s residents. These surveys collect valuable data related to households, individuals and trips. Origin and destination survey © mzsengineeringtechnologies

107. This information allows stakeholders to understand; travel patterns and characteristics; Measure trends; Provide input to travel demand model development, forecasting, and planning for area‐wide transportation infrastructure needs and services; and, Monitor progress in implementing transportation policies. Origin and destination survey © mzsengineeringtechnologies

108. Origin and destination survey Methods adopted for collection of data are; House interview method; License plate method; Postal questionnaire method; Route interview method; and, Tag-on-car method. © mzsengineeringtechnologies

109. Presentation of Origin and destination data Origin and destination tables are prepared Desire lines are plotted by connecting the origin points with destinations The relative magnitude of the generated traffic and geometric relationship of the zones is represented by pie charts Contour lines are plotted to define area needed by traffic © mzsengineeringtechnologies

110. © mzsengineeringtechnologies Parking Surveys Parking is one of the major problems that is created by the increasing road traffic. The availability of less space in urban areas has increased the demand for parking space especially in areas like Central business district. This affects the mode choice also. This has a great economical impact.

111. Parking Surveys Parking accumulation It is defined as the number of vehicles parked at a given instant of time. Normally this is expressed by accumulation curve. Accumulation curve is the graph obtained by plotting the number of bays occupied with respect to time. Parking volume is the total number of vehicles parked at a given duration of time. This does not account for repetition of vehicles. Parking volume Parking load Parking load gives the area under the accumulation curve. It can also be obtained by simply multiplying the number of vehicles occupying the parking area at each time interval with the time interval. It is expressed as vehicle hours © mzsengineeringtechnologies

112. Parking Surveys Average parking duration It is the ratio of total vehicle hours to the number of vehicles parked. Parking turnover It is the ratio of number of vehicles parked in a duration to the number of parking bays available. This can be expressed as number of vehicles per bay per time duration. Parking index Parking index is also called occupancy or efficiency. It is defined as the ratio of number of bays occupied in a time duration to the total space available. It gives an aggregate measure of how effectively the parking space is utilized. © mzsengineeringtechnologies

113. Methods of Parking On Street Parking Parallel Parking 30 Parking 45 Parking 60 Parking 90 Parking © mzsengineeringtechnologies

114. Methods of Parking Off Street Parking © mzsengineeringtechnologies

115. © mzsengineeringtechnologies Speed is an important transportation consideration because it relates to safety, time, comfort, convenience, and economics. Spot speed studies are used to determine the speed distribution of a traffic stream at a specific location

116. The data gathered in spot speed studies are used to determine vehicle speed percentiles, which are useful in making many speed-related decisions. Spot speed data have a number of safety applications, including the following Spot Speed Survey Determining existing traffic operations and evaluation of traffic control devices. Establishing roadway design elements. Assessing roadway safety questions. Monitoring traffic speed trends by systematic ongoing speed studies. Measuring effectiveness of traffic control devices or traffic programs, including signs and Markings, traffic operational changes, and speed enforcement programs © mzsengineeringtechnologies

117. Spot speed data are gathered using one of three methods: Stopwatch method, Radar meter method, or Pneumatic road tube method. Spot Speed Survey The stopwatch method can be used to successfully complete a spot speed study using a small sample size taken over a relatively short period of time. The stopwatch method is a quick and inexpensive method for collecting speed data. © mzsengineeringtechnologies

118. RADAR METER METHOD A radar meter is a commonly used device for directly measuring speeds in spot speed studies. This device may be hand-held, mounted in a vehicle, or mounted on a tripod. The effective measuring distance for radar meters ranges from 200 feet up to 2 miles. A radar meter requires line-of-sight to accurately measure speed and is easily operated by one person. If traffic is heavy or the sampling strategy is complex, two radar units may be needed. Spot Speed Survey © mzsengineeringtechnologies

119. PNEUMATIC ROAD TUBE METHOD The pneumatic road tube method is normally used for longer data collection time periods than those of either the stopwatch or radar meter method. Using this method, pneumatic tubes are placed in the travel lanes and are connected to recorders located at the side of the Road . The automatic recorders are capable of storing large amounts of individual vehicle data or even larger amounts of vehicle classification data. The collected data are downloaded from the recorder to a laptop computer or portable floppy disk drive in the field, or via telephone modem to a centrally located computer Spot Speed Survey © mzsengineeringtechnologies

120. © mzsengineeringtechnologies Speed and Delay Survey The speed and delay survey gives the running speeds, overall speeds, fluctuation in speeds and delay between two stations of a road spaced apart. Information such as the amount, location, duration frequency and causes of the delay in traffic stream. The delay or time lost by traffic during the travel period can be attributed to the following two reasons; Fixed delays Operation delays

121. © mzsengineeringtechnologies Traffic Volume Survey The survey is carried out in urban areas for mechanical and other vehicles and pedestrian either independently or combined Objectives: To know the number and weight of heavily loaded vehicle. To know the number of vehicles going in up or down direction on straight roads To know the number of vehicles going straight, turning left, and turning right and road intersections To know the types of vehicles using the road. Automatic recorders Manual Counting Methods

122. © mzsengineeringtechnologies Traffic Volume Survey All of sudden and without any intention, events known as accidents, occur in the traffic stream which may result in minor or major injuries, details or damage to properties etc. The investigations to be carried out during an accident survey includes; Details of vehicle such as registration number, type of vehicle, loading details etc. Estimate of cost of accident. General data such as time, date, place, persons involved etc. Primary causes of accident. Road and traffic conditions at site of accident.

123. Traffic Congestion Traffic congestion  is a condition on road networks that occurs as use increases, and is characterized by slower speeds, longer trip times, and increased vehicular queuing. The most common example is the physical use of roads by vehicles. © mzsengineeringtechnologies

124. Reasons for Traffic Congestion The factors such as faulty intersections, narrowness of roads, steep curves and gradient, poor conditions of vehicle using the road etc. Haphazard parking of vehicles and physical encroachments on the road are not handled severely. Absence of civic sense and strict enforcement of traffic rules and regulation are not carried out. Unplanned use of roads. © mzsengineeringtechnologies

125. Responsible for Traffic Congestion General Public – Passive Element Road users – Vehicular traffic and trips Transport personnel – expert knowledge on the subject © mzsengineeringtechnologies

126. Disadvantages of Traffic Congestion Makes the surrounded area polluted with undesirable gases, vapours and odours . Chances of road accident increased. The driving through traffic congested are becomes tedious More wear and tear of vehicle resulting in economic loss. Wastage of fuel. © mzsengineeringtechnologies

127. To avoid Traffic Congestion Providing bus-stops of public vehicles at suitable places along the road. Adopting means to segregate the traffic of various categories. Controlling the movements of vehicles by making one way streets. Prohibiting parking on both sides of road. Restricting loading and unloading of goods. Restricting pedestrians to cross major streets. © mzsengineeringtechnologies

128. Traffic Control Constructive measures – junctions, number of traffic lanes, layout of curves, etc. Restrictive measure – signs, signals, and markings. Imposing heavy penalties © mzsengineeringtechnologies

129. Traffic Capacity and Density Traffic Volume: It is the number of vehicles moving in a specified direction on a given lane and roadway that pass a given point or cross-section during specified unit of time. Expressed as vehicle per hour, etc Traffic Density: It is the number of vehicles occupying a unit length of lane of roadway at a given instant. Expressed as vehicle per kilometers. Traffic Capacity: It is the ability of a roadway to accommodate traffic volume. Expressed as the maximum number of vehicle in a lane or road that can pass a given point in unit time. © mzsengineeringtechnologies

130. Traffic Capacity and Density Practical Capacity It is the maximum number of vehicle that can pass a given point on a lane or roadway during one hour, without traffic density being so great as to cause unreasonable delay, hazard or restriction to the drivers freedom to manoeurve under the prevailing roadway and traffic conditions. Determination of theoretical maximum capacity C = Capacity of a single lane vehicle per hour V= Speed, kmph S = Average centre to centre spacing of vehicles, when they follow one behind the other as the queue or space headway, m © mzsengineeringtechnologies

131. Passenger Car Unit (PCU) Expressed as PCU/Lane/hour- Capacity, PUC/KM lane - Density © mzsengineeringtechnologies

132. Road Junctions or Intersection The term Junction or Intersection is used to indicate the location where two or more roads meet or cross one another at the same or different elevation. The factors to be considered while making selection for a particular type of road junction are; Availability of means of traffic control. Degree of traffic congestion. Funds available. Number of intersecting streets or roads. Volume and nature of traffic. © mzsengineeringtechnologies

133. Factors considered in design and operation Angle of crossing Camber Channelizing Entry speeds Gradient Importance of roads Kerbs Pedestrian traffic Simplicity visibility Types of Intersections At –grade intersections - All paved or unchannelized intersections - Channelized intersections - Roundabout or rotaries Grade separated intersections - Direct ramp - Semi-direct ramp - Indirect ramp © mzsengineeringtechnologies

134. At-grade Intersections It indicates the road junction at same elevation. The traffic movements like merging, diverging crossing, and weaving are carried out at the same level Unchannelized Intersections The unchannelized intersection are paved for the whole area and there is no restriction to vehicles to use any part of the intersection area. © mzsengineeringtechnologies

135. Channelized Intersections To handle large volume of traffic and to channelize the turning traffic introduction of traffic island is done. The space at a road junction over which traffic is allowed to move is known as traffic island Channelized intersections for four streets © mzsengineeringtechnologies

136. Channelized Intersections Channelized intersections for four streets © mzsengineeringtechnologies

137. Roundabouts or rotaries A Roundabout or rotary is a specialized form of at-grade intersection and it consists of a central island surrounded by the roads forming the junction Unidirectional circular movement at the intersection Elliptical Tangent type Turbine top © mzsengineeringtechnologies

138. Elliptical Roundabouts or rotaries © mzsengineeringtechnologies

139. Tangent Type Roundabouts or rotaries © mzsengineeringtechnologies

140. Turbine Type Roundabouts or rotaries Design of rotary Design speed Radius at entry Radius at exit Radius of the central island Weaving length Width of carriage way at entry and exit Entry and exit angles External curb line © mzsengineeringtechnologies

141. Grade Separated Intersection A grade Separated intersection is the arrangement of taking one road over and under by means of bridge. It is also known as a flyover junction. The direct interchange ramp involves diverging to right side and merging from right side The Semi-direct interchange ramp involves diverging to left side and merging from right side The indirect interchange ramp involves diverging to left side and merging from left side © mzsengineeringtechnologies

142. Clover Leaf Interchange It avoids all the right hand movements which are the major source of accidents. © mzsengineeringtechnologies

143. Diamond Interchange The diamond interchange has a wider range of applicability than any other type of interchange. Used for minor roads carrying low volume of traffic. It may be used to accommodate intermediate traffic volumes © mzsengineeringtechnologies

144. Rotatory Interchange The rotary in such case functions like the collector and distributor of traffic as shown in arrows. © mzsengineeringtechnologies

145. Three-way interchange or T-intersection or Trumpet The three way intersection is utilized where there are only three approaches to the interchange. With single bridge © mzsengineeringtechnologies

146. Three-way interchange or T-intersection or Trumpet Delta or Y-intersection with three bridges Limitation of grade separated Intersections Costly to construct Requires considerable land area © mzsengineeringtechnologies

147. Traffic Control Devices In order to control, regulate, and guide traffic it is necessary to have suitable traffic aids or devices known as traffic control devices Following are the basic requirements for use of traffic control device; It must convey clear and simple meaning. It must command attention. It must command respect of road users. It must give adequate time for response. It must justify necessity. Road markings Road signs Traffic signals Speed brakers © mzsengineeringtechnologies

148. Road Markings Certain links, patterns, words, symbols or reflectors on the pavement, kerbs, side of island © mzsengineeringtechnologies

149. Road Signs As per provisions of the Indian Motor Vehicle Act and IRC Code, the road signs can be classified in following three categories Guide or informatory signs Regulatory or mandatory signs Warning or cautionary signs Guide or informatory signs © mzsengineeringtechnologies

150. Road Signs Regulatory or mandatory signs Warning or cautionary signs © mzsengineeringtechnologies

151. © mzsengineeringtechnologies

152. Speed Breakers -A speed breaker is a hump surface across the roadways. -It has a rounded shape with width greater than the base of most of the vehicles where there is decreased variation in sensory stimuli and at location speed control are desired © mzsengineeringtechnologies

153. Industrial surveys Factors such as; Cheap and adequate supply of water, power, raw materials and good communications, Combined with supply of labour supply, act as powerful determinants for location of various industries in the town. Industries fall in three categories Heavy industries Light industries, and Service industries © mzsengineeringtechnologies

154. Classification of Industries According to nature of dependence on circumstances; Fixed industries Linked industries Foot-loose industries According to nature of industry; Manufacturing industries – heavy, intermediate, light and minor Miscellaneous industries Special industries – primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary © mzsengineeringtechnologies

155. Town Planning in Relation to Industry Planning for industry is an integral part of town planning, because it involves consideration of many factors such as location of industrial zone, railways sidings, layout, sitting and establishment of factories, skilled labours, transport facilities for movements of raw materials and finished product, plentiful supply of water, cheap power, etc. Majority of industries are dynamic character Technological advances Changes in land use pattern © mzsengineeringtechnologies

156. Town Planning in Relation to Industry Industries Major Industries Auxiliary Industries Imparts diversified character to the industrial development of town, Employment opportunities to workmen of different trades Social and housing needs Thus its needed industrialist and the planner must pay due attention to this fact while working out the schemes © mzsengineeringtechnologies

157. Location Industry © mzsengineeringtechnologies Identically industry should be located near the source of raw materials and market for its finished products; but this is only partly true. Facts; Steel rolling mills are often to be found in towns far removed from iron and steel producing centers. Many cotton spinning and weaving mills are located in the regions they do not produce cotton at all. The deciding factors for such seemingly unsuitable location are represented in figure

158. Conurbations and Industry In general heavy industries are established near the source of raw materials and occasionally have towns of their own. For example: Jamshedpur, Bhilai and Rourkela. In contrast other industries prefer to remain in or near existing towns where suitable sites, power, water and good communications are available. This creates conurbation which have to be kept within a reasonable size to prevent heavy concentration of industry and employment in one place at the expense of employment in other places © mzsengineeringtechnologies

159. Conurbations and Industry Myths Big conurbation were not considered desirable on the strategic ground, because large concentration of industry and population were vulnerable to enemy air attacks in the event of wars But this argument is no longer valid in view of development of the hydrogen bomb and guided missile employing atomic warheads © mzsengineeringtechnologies

160. Conurbations and Industry Disadvantages They are rarely planned entities People are forced to live in insanitary high density developments without any open spaces. Congestion cause by heavy traffic . Depends on administrative efficiency of local authority. Consideration in respect of government owned industries Government of Maharashtra – Regional planning boards Bombay and Poona Problems of industry in a existing town © mzsengineeringtechnologies

161. Sitting of an Industry The sitting of a particular industry should be carefully decided by taking into account the various requirements of that industry. Where zoning is adopted, the industrial zone in the town plan should be located at suitable places. The sitting of industries in residential localities is not desirable. But at the same time, no rigid rule should be framed . If the process of manufacture involves noises, dour, or smoke, the site should be far removed from the residential areas. It should preferably be on that side of town where prevailing wind blows away from the main town or city. It should be well connected by road or railway with the homes of workers © mzsengineeringtechnologies

162. Measures to control location of industries By developing industrial townships (economic, social and political needs) By granting concessions, (nominal lease rent, attractive loan terms, nominal local taxes, etc), and By imposing restrictions Industrialist profit Public Interest © mzsengineeringtechnologies

163. The problem of noise, air pollution and sitting of industries © mzsengineeringtechnologies

164. Services and Transport facilities © mzsengineeringtechnologies

165. Town Forms, Physical Planning and Layouts Various factors which influence town plan are; Situation of the site Nature of terrain Period of development Economic structure Nature of industries Trade practiced Various form of town are; Circular towns Star shaped towns Superblock towns (Grid iron pattern) Linear towns © mzsengineeringtechnologies

166. Circular towns Towns with geographical possibility of spreading in all directions on a relatively level site have usually tended to grow in a roughly circular form with inner and outer ring roads, linked together by radiating roads emanating from center. Features: Residential area is located around the core, between the ring and radial roads. Core itself acts as business area. Early industries are usually mixed with residential area Towns represent peripheral growth. Drawbacks: The expansion goes unchecked. Longer distance to work place. Traffic congestion. Absence of open spaces. © mzsengineeringtechnologies

167. Star-Shaped Towns As a remedy towards the concept of the circular town plan with the surrounding green belt star shaped plan emerged out. Star shaped plan having green wedges of agriculture fields, fruit orchids, forest and parks, radiating from the centre of town. At the outer edges, the green wedges merge into countryside serving as green belt. © mzsengineeringtechnologies

168. Superblock Towns (Grid-Iron Pattern) Based on principle of superblock, which consists of number of blocks, or sectors. Each block or sector tracts of land, approximately three-forth of a mile long and half a mile. Each block or sector accommodate populations ranging from 15000 to 25000 souls. There are usually three to four neighbourhood units in each blocks. Example: Chandigarh © mzsengineeringtechnologies

169. Linear Towns These type of town form results from geographical features . These type of development is not convenient to live. It requires proper balance of amenities to achieve good living style. It requires construction of additional sub-centers in different locations. © mzsengineeringtechnologies

170. Re-planning exiting towns Two important factors contributing to population increase are; Natural growth Tendency of villagers ( Migration for various reasons, such as education, employment, glamour, etc) Results in over crowding and serious problems such as; Residential areas well planned and spacious get converted into slums. Parks and playgrounds becomes inadequate. Industries have invaded into residential area. Communication system has been completely failed. The road system has become obsolete. Recreation and amusement centers are haphazardly located. © mzsengineeringtechnologies

171. Objectives of Re-planning exiting towns To add further to the civic aesthetic of the town. To attempt for an orderly, appropriate and balanced agreement of the land use. To correct the post error as far as possible. To develop healthy, attractive and efficient environment with the finance available. To suggest short-term and long-term measures for the future growth of town © mzsengineeringtechnologies

172. Data to be collected Condition of social and community life. Economic basis of town Existing density of population in various parts of town Existing land use and land values History and causes of growth Housing conditions Existing parks and playgrounds Physical features of town Public utility services © mzsengineeringtechnologies

173. Urban renewal projects Pulling down of detoriated structures, carrying out extensive renovation of building to be retained, redesigning of road system, changing the pattern of land use. Conservation Cooperation Development plan Finance Legislation Period of project Redevelopment rehabilitation © mzsengineeringtechnologies

174. What is town planning? Explain its purpose and scope . 2 . Write down the significance of the subject town planning . 3 . What is the role of a civil engineer and a town planner in a city?

175. The European-American city of Memphis was founded on May 22, 1819. They named it after the ancient capital of Egypton the Nile River.  Memphis developed as a transportation center in the 19th century because of its flood-free location high above the Mississippi River. Located in the low-lying delta region along the river, its outlying areas were developed as cotton plantations, and the city became a major cotton market and brokerage center. Memphis

176. What are the objects of town planning? Discuss the growth of towns according to origin? Discuss the stages in town development as suggested by; 1. Sir Patrick Geddes 2. Lewis Mumford 3. Griffith Taylor