toxicity and mechanism of toxicant action.pptx

Mechanism of toxicant action.

1. K.G.Arts And science college raighrh (C.G.) Class - m.sc 1 sem.( zoology) Subject- Ecology And Environmental Physiology Seminar topic - toxicity and taxicants Mechanism of action Session - 2021- 2022 Guided by. Sumitted by Prof. Vinita pandey mam Name- lilima bhardwaj class- m.sc 1 sem ( zoology)

2. Toxicity and toxicant and mechanisms of action Synopsis – 1 introduction 2 Definition 3 History of toxicity 4 types of toxicity 5 toxicology 6 Environmental behaviour factors 7 Toxicant 8 classification of toxicants 9 factors affecting toxicity

3. 10 Route and rate of administration 11 Dose and effect relationship 12 functions of toxicity 13 conclusion 14 Reference

4. 1 Introduction- Toxicity is a relative properties of chemical or its potential to have a harmful effect on a living organism .toxicity of chemical may be defined as the capabilities to cause injury in a living organism. A highly toxic substance is that which causes damaged to causes an organism if administrade in a very small amount but a substrate of toxicity will not produced an effect unless the amount is very large.

5. 2 Definition – Toxicity is an inherent potential or capacity of a material to cause adverse effects in a living organism. To degree to which a subtances ( a toxin or poison) can harm human or animal damage an organism before toxicity can develop a substance must came into contact with a body surface such as skin,eyes mucosa of the alimentary or respiratory tract.

6. History – In this science history has been divided into 4 important periods. 1 Aancient period – to hunt our ancestors Our unlike war tushan poison and arrows or spears used to throw it out It is found in history and archeology. 2 Middle age – For the fine to the fifteenth century details information of available recording various types of poisons.petro di Abano who was a teacher at paduan university wrote n book on poisons Which yielded 14 voluems.

7. 3 The Renaissance – paraceisus who died Is 1541 gave detailed information on the dosage effect concept and treatment of toxicon. 4 moder period – M.J.B. Orfila ( 1789- 1853) wrote the first comprehensive book on the side effect on chemicals invention was given the same place as other science branches by him.He noted definite distinction in dinical forensic and anlytical invention many of the method propounded by him are still in use today.

8. Types of toxicity ~ reaction base – Acute toxicity - Acute toxicity described the adveres effect of substance that result either from a single exposure from the maltiple exposure in the sort period of time ( usually less than 24 hours) to be described as acute toxicity the advers effect should Occur whitin 14 days Of the administration of the substance. A cute effects usually within(24 to 27 ) hours after exposure however sould occur within 14 days occur exposure.may be as serious death or temporary as drunkeness.

9. 2 chronic – effect manifest several months or years after exposur.may have been an Isolated exposur Or repeated our many year. 3 Local – Action Of toxic substance On specific area of contact such a skin mucous membranes eyes,throat. 4 Systemic – effect or action is distribution through the body inhalation of chloroform effect the brain.

10. toxic agent is anything can Produce an adverse biological effect.may be chemical physical biological in from example toxic agent may be chemical ( such as cyadine) Physical biological ( such as snake venom). Toxicology – Toxicology is made up two important words Toxic and logus . Toxic – poison Logus – study If was collaborate these 2 words then there meaning will be as- the branch of science which involve the study of toxicity its unwanted effects its possible of route of administration and their treatment.

11. Toxicology is the quantitative and qualitative study of adverse and toxicts effects of chemical Antropogenic material or xenobiothis environmental chemical on organisms Toxicant – a toxicant in any toxic substance.toxicant can be poisonous and they may be man made and naturally Occuring.in contrast in toxin in poison producted nuturlly by an organism.The different type on toxicants can be found in the Air, soil, water , or food.

12. Classification or types of toxicants – There are 4 types of toxicants 1 Corrosive toxicant 2 Irritant Systemic Me 1 Corrosive – corrosive poisons are those that are stabilized on the surface they come in contact with uprooting the surface it acts by expelling water from tissue and accumulates cellular proteins and converts hemoglobin to haematin.

13. ( a) strong acids – 1 mineral or inorganic acid – sulphuric acid,nitric acid, hydrochloric acid etc. 2 organic acid- oxalic acid corbolic acid Acetyl salicylic acid. ( b) strong alkalies – sodium potassium,Ammonia hydrates and corbonates. ( c) mechanical – powdered glass diamonds dust and hair. 2 Irritants – irritant toxicant is produced inflammation of the part with which they comes in contact but do not as a rule destroy the tissue.

14. ( A) inorganic- 1 non metalic – phosphorus chlorine bromine and iodine etc. 2 metalic- Arsenic , Antimony mercury copper lead zine and slivers. ( b) organic – 1 vegetable- castor , croton,calotropis and Aloes 2 aminal snakes ,insects canthorides , ptomines. ( c) mechanical – powdered glass diamonds duct and hair. 3 systemic – this toxicants effect in the our body many types- A ) cerebral- somniferous Op ium, birthrates.

15. Inebriant – alcohol , ether and chloroform Deliriant – Daura,baladonna,hyocyamus cannaabis. ( B) Spinal – nux vomica,gelsemium (c) Cardiovascular – Aconite,quinine,oleander and tabacco ( d) Asphyxiants- co2 co H2s 4 miscellaneous- food poisoning botulism food poisoning include all disturbance caused by ingestion of food which contain bacteria or other componets.

16. Factors affecting toxicity Host factors ( A ) size or body weight – The size or body weight of an individual determine the dose of a chemical agent required eliciting a given response metabolism is proportional to body surface area.justly example the child in highly affected of toxic comparison to youngest. (B ) Age – Human infant are usually susceptible to chemical/drug these are reluted to metabolism ( oxidative pathway) and excretion pattern immaturity of kindney, brain and deficiency of some key enzyme like glucuronyl transferase activity result enhanced toxicity

17. (C) sex – sex hormone influence enzyme of bio transformation of a compound female have small size and hence lower dose of drug and chemical required they aye susceptible at pregnancy also. ( d) nutrition- high fat diet make organism sensitive to toxicant high carbohydrates or protein diet make the organism less sensitive (hepatotoxic effect affecting kidney affecting brain nervous system. (E) change in internal environment- Physiology factor such as physical activity stress condition influence toxicity of a compound.

18. Route and rate of administration The root carries the toxic substance/ chemicals to the blood stream is important the lethality of the toxic substance chemical is dependent on the route of administration normally the following three routes are used to determine the mediam lethal dose. 1 oral route 2 dermal route 3 inhalation route

19. Environment / behavior factor 1 ) The attitude of the animal man can influence the toxic response to drug/ toxic chemical. 2) presence of other male / female individual of the same species can affect toxic reaction to certain chemical due to fear aggression emotion. 3) physical factors like light temperature influence the organism to drug/ chemical Dry condition and worm.hamid condition may response of the animal/ man.

20. Dose It specific the amount of chemical administered per unit body weight the administration rout l.e. Stomach respiratory tract intramuscular / intravenous/ transport across the membrane may be incomplete and the absorbed dose will not be identical with the dose administerd The dose in the orgenizational tissue msy be estimated by 1) Administrade dose or intake 2) measurements of the concentration in tissue orgenisation sample and 3) measurements of concentration in excreta of exhaled air.

21. Dose effect Relationship 1 ) quantitative type which relates the dose of a chemical to the dose of a chemical to the size of the response in a single biological unit. 2) the quantal or all none type in which the relationship is between the dose of the chemical and the proportion of biological objects displaying a given response.

22. Celling effect – The degree of effect produce by increasing dose of a chemical or drug will ultimately reach a steady level called celling effect Doses beyond the celling effect do not produce any further effect Rather such as a dose produced undiserable response. Quantal response – minimum dose that produced a given effect in a population of biological object is called quantle response. The distinct phase Phase 1 – Time of onsent action administration of a chemical agent to the system delay in time before the effect is manifested ( lag phase has a ginti time) for chemical the lag phase may be very small

23. Phase 2 – time to peak effect chemical has reached even the most tolerant cell and in accessible cell. Phase 3 ( tc) – Duration of action depends upon the rate at which it is metabolismor inactive or removed from the body. Phase 4 ( Tb) – Residule effect many Chemical exert a residue action even After primary action is over.

24. Mechanisms of toxicant Action The effect of toxicant result from their interaction with certain receptor of the organism Any functional macromolecules components can serve as toxicant drug receptor. Some exogenous molecule are called agonist at these molecule mimic some of the effect of endogenous substance due to their interaction with some physiological receptor. Certain substance may not have endogenous regulatory activity but theý complete with agonist for binding to receptor or specific site.these substances are called antagonist.

25. (5) The binding of substance with receptor involved all kind of interactions lonic,hydrogen hydrophobic,vander waal ‘s and covalent bonding. (6) Most of the exogenous substance like drug bind with their receptor very loosely. (7) Since these bonding are weak the interaction are reversible in case of covelant binding the duration of interaction is prolonged (8) Some exogenous substance like organophosphate and carbamate Pesticide have structural similarities with acetylcholine neatrotransmitters these pesticides inhibit ache activety (9) If choline receptor are blocked by some pesticide these blocking may affect function controlled by peripheral nerve. (10) Some exogenous substance may effect controll system in brain.

26. Functions of toxicity Systemic toxicity means toxicity al a cell level that causes the organ to fail with the possible death of the organism Toxic substances enter an organism through the skin oral dermal inhaled roots due to which toxic and organism come in contact with each other when toxic substances come in contact with the organism the organism gets harm and disease which affects the function of many body parts.

27. Conclusion The toxicant has very harmful of the our body in deffected many invironmental pollutants or toxic chemical in the environment ot lethal level or causing harmful effect on living systems.

28. Reference 1 ) m.c. dass 2) net platform