Toxicology semiochemicals

ENTOMOLGY BIORATIONAL BASED SEMIOCHEMICALS

1. Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University S. V. Agricultural College, Tirupati Course No : Ent -508 Course Title : Insect Toxicology Topic : Biorational Pesticides Based On Semiochemicals SUBMITTED BY: M. Lokeswaridevi TAM -2020-030, Dept of Entomology 1

2. Signaling o r c om m u n i c a t ion c h em i c a l s u s ed t o c a r r y information between living organisms. Cause changes in their behaviour or physiology. E m i t t e d b y one i n d i vidual a n d c a use a re s ponse in another. Semiochemicals are classified into Intraspecific semiochemical - (Pheromones) Interspecific semiochemical - (Allelochemicals) Semiochemicals   2

3. 3 Classi fi cation of semiochemicals

4. PHEROMONES Karlson and Luscher (1959) “ PHEROMONE " Greek word Phero Hormone “ to transport ” “ stimulate ” German biochemist - Adolf Butenandt “BOMBYKOL’’ Butenandt et al . (1961) 6 4

5. TYPES OF PHEROMONES BASED ON CHANGES IN • Primer INSECT • Releaser FUNCTIONAL • Type-I GROUP • Type-II NO. OF • Monocomponent COMPOUND • Multicomponent 5

6. I. BASED ON CHANGES IN INSECT 6

7. Trigger off a chain of physiological changes in the recipient without any immediate change in the behavior. Act through gustatory sensilla Caste determination and reproduction in social insects. A) PRIMER PHEROMONES (Ekerholm and Hallberg, 2005) 11 7

8. Produce an immediate change in the behavior of the recipient. B) RELEASER PHEROMONES Sex pheromon e s Aggregation pheromones Alarm pheromones Trail-marking pheromones Host marking pheromones (Ekerholm and Hallberg, 2005) 8

9. Sex pheromones Released by only one sex only Facilitate mating Commonly released by females Cotton boll weevil- Anthonomus grandis Cabbage lopper- Trichoplusia ni Mediterranean fruit fly- Ceratitis capitata   9

10. Name of the insect Pheromone Bombyx mori Pink bollworm, Bombykol Gossyplure Pectinophora gossypiell a Tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura litlure Honeybee queen , Apis mellifera . Queen’s substance 10

11. Aggregation pheromones Congregation or aggregates Protection- predators Reproduction- mate selection Feeding – host resistance Ferrolure of redpalm weevil Frontalin - dendroctonus Ipsenol - ips spp. 11

12. Alarm pheromones Common in social insects To raise alert in conspecifics To raise a defense response are usually highly volatile compounds i.e , hexanal, 1- hexanol and sesquiterpenes. Terpenes – aphids Monoterpene hydrocarbons- termite. Formic acid- ants 12

13. Trail marking pheromones Used to indicate the sources of other family members of the colony. Less volatile than alarm pheromone Produced by social insects 13

14. Host-marking pheromone Host marking pheromones are used by parasitoids to avoid ovipositing on hosts they or somebody else have oviposit already. Hyper parasitoids may use these marking pheromones to find their hosts. 14

15. II. BASED ON FUNCTIONAL GROUP 15

16. TYPE I TYPE II C12-C18 carbon chain with functional groups - alcohol, aldehyde and acetate C17-C23 carbon chain Comprising unsaturated hydrocarbons and their epoxy derivates Biosynthesised from de-novo synthesised fatty acid. 75% Moths Orginate from long chain hydrocarbons. Oenocytes or epidermal cells. Geo m et r i d a e , cockroach PHEROMONES 16

17. III. BASED ON NUMBER OF COMPONENT 17

18. 1. Mono component Only one chemical compound Silk w orm – B o m b y k ol - ( 1 E , 1 2 Z )- hexadeca-10,12-dien-1-ol C 16 H 30 O (Morgan and Mandava, 1988) L ym a n tria dispa r – Disparlu r e - 2 - m e t h y l - 7 R , 8 S - ep o x y - oc t ade c ane - C 19 H 38 O (Jurenka et al ., 2002) 18

19. 2. Multicomponent Pink bollworm - Gossyplure Cockroach - Blatellaquinone More than one chemical compound Bark Beetle - ipsenol and ipsdienol 19

20. 2. Multicomponent Gram pod borer- Helilure Honey bee queen- Queen’s substance More than one chemical compound Tobacco cutworm - Spodolure, litlure 20

21. ADVANTAGES: Minute quantity required. Non pollutant and ecological acceptable. Species specific. Labour saving. Easy monitoring of pest population. Best suited in IPM. 21

22. The communication between two different species of organisms or insects. It is classified into Allomones, Kairomones, Synomones, and Apneumones. ALLELOCHEMICALS 22

23. ALLOMONES From Greek word ( allos+hormon =excite others) allomone is a chemical or mixture of chemicals released by one organism that induces a response in another organism which is advantageous to the releaser. Ex : Gossypol produced by cotton is toxic to cotton bollworms. 23

24. KAIROMONES: Kairo m one i s a c he m ic a l or m ix t ure of chemicals released by one o r gani s m that induces a response in another organism. Helpful to recipient. Eg. Aphids produce alarm pheromone that attracts predators and natural enemies 24

25. SYNOMONES Chemical released by one organism that induce a response in another species. Helpful to emitter and receiver. It encourages mutualistic relation between organisms. Ex : Corn seedlings are attacked by the spodoptera exigua releases a large no of terpenoides which serves as cues for the parasitic cotesia sps . 25

26. APNEUMONES Chemical substances emitted by a non- living material that evoke a behavioural or physiological reaction . Eg: An ichunuemonid parasite of Venturia canescens is attracted by the smell of the oatmeal, which is the food of its host. Here it is advantageous to the recipient which is the parasitoid but detrimental to host insect living on the oatmeal (non- living material) 26

27. Strategies for exploitation of pheromones: Mating disruption Monitoring Mass trapping 27

28. Mating disruption 28

29. Schematic representation of mating disruption via sex pheromone-based semiochemicals. 29

30. Monitoring Monitoring : Sex pheromones can be used to trap the opposite sex of an insect which can be used to monitor the pest population 30

31. Detection of pest Measurement of pest density Assessment of density of natural enemies Assessment of pest phenology Assessment of effectiveness of mating disruption 31

32. Mass trapping Aims at catching portion of pest population before mating oviposition or feeding Lure and kill Lure and infect/ Auto dissemination 32

33. Push pull mechanism The push and pull components are generally nontoxic. maximize efficacy of behaviour-manipulating stimuli through the additive and synergistic effects of integrating their use. reducing pesticide input. 33

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35. Attractants  Natural food lures  Insect  Lure  Chafer beetle Amblure Cabbage butter fly  Sinigrin  Onion fruit fly Cuelure   Bark beetle Terpenes  Japanese beetle Geraniol  Mediterranean fruit fly Trimedlure   35

36. 36 Ovipositional lures  Ex – p methyl acetophenone attracts rice stem borer in rice Poison baits  Ex – metaldehyde for snails and slugs.         - Moistened bran base +molasses + insecticides for biting insets. 36

37. 37                             Repellents  Definition  Types of repellents Not a sole control measure.  Repellants    Insect  Benzyl benzoate Mites  Creosote  Chinch bugs pentachlorophenol Termites  Pine tar oil  Screw worm flies 37

38. 38 Disrupting behaviour using chemicals Chemosterilants E.F.Knipling- 1937 Auderbach and robson –1942 – mustard /nitrogen gas- fruit fly Definition  Gametic disorder, gametogenic cycle Types of chemosterilants – male,female Groups – alkylating agents – apholate, aphoxide - NA                  -  anti metabolites – fluorouracil, folic acid – strucuture                  -  miscellaneous – HEMPA, HEMEL. They are carcinogenic and phytotoxic.  38

39. 39                      SPLAT TECHNOLOGY Specialized pheromone and lure application technology. Base matrix formulation of biologically inert materials with semiochemicals  with or without pesticides. Facilitates and automates the dispensing of semiochemicals and attractants. Motive of design, including toxicants. Attract and kill pest management strategy. 39

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41. 41 SPLAT applications over traditional pheromone methods 41

42. 42 Mating disruption using PB Rope L  PB Rope L dispensers @ 200/ha were tied to cotton stalks at pinsquare stage. The extent of reduction was 79.38 and 93.81 per cent over RPP during the consecutive years.  The average reduction in green boll damage was 72.62 and 70.11 per cent. The extent of reduction was 68.86 and 66.17 per cent over RPP.  The reduction in the larval population in fruiting bodies was 52.34 and 56.70 per cent over RPP. University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad Farm,2007 42

43. 43 Mating disruption using PB Rope L 43 University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad Farm,2007

44. References A textbook of applied entomology volume I- concepts in pest management – K.P.Srivastava and G.S.Dhaliwal Kalyani publishers Integrated pest management – concepts and approaches – Ramesh Arora and G.S.Dhaliwal. Kalyani publishers. Behaviour Modifying Chemicals for Insect Management -  Baker, https://www.cabi.org/isc/FullTextPDF/2011/20113342988.pdf https://ipmworld.umn.edu/flint 44

45. THANK YOU 45