TOXOPLASMA.pptx. .

Researching purposes

1. TOXOPLASMA

2. ORGANISM Kingdom: Protista Sub kingdom: protozoa Phylum: Apicomplexa Class: Considasida Order: Eucoccidiorida Sub Order: Eimeriorina Family: Sarcocystidae Sub Family: Toxoplasmetinae Genus: Toxoplasma Specie: Toxoplasma Gondii

3. DISEASE Toxoplasma Gondii is a causative agent of a zoonosis called Toxoplasmosis which occurs worldwide with high prevalences upto 80% depending on age and region. It affects all animals( all or most warm blooded animals can be infected). However, most common infected animals are cats, wild and domestic animals such as birds, goats, cattle, pigs and poultry. The cat is the definitive host - they acquire infection by predation.

4. Morphology Oocyte; shed in feline feces and takes 1-5days to sporulate in the environment and become infective. Tachyzoite(trophozoite); obligate intracellular form, crescent shaped form with central nucleus, responsible for cell invasion and clinical disease and it multiplies rapidly. Bradzoite; Quiescent, forms a thick wallaround itself( tissue cyst), resistant to digestive enzymes and can be killed by freezing and normal cooking temperatures.

5. LIFE CYCLE

6. PATHOGENESIS The tachyzoites from the tissue cyst or sporozoites realesed from the tissue oocyte, penetrates the interstitial cells and multiply in the intestines. They rapture and infect contigious cells and they are transported via the lymphocytes and are disseminated hematogenously through out the tissues such as the brain NOTE: the felines are the only definitive hosts.

7. TRANSMISSION Feacal oral route Blood transmission Organ transplant Vertical transmission (passage of disease causing agent from the mother to the baby during the period immediately, before or after birth).

8. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION

9. DIAGNOSIS The diagnosis work up is usually guided by the patients clinical presentation Antibody detection e.g IgM and IgG. detection of parasite DNA, samples can be obtained from; Blood, CSF, Aqueous humor and bronchoalveolar lavage. Histopathological examination of biopsy specimen Imaging e.g CT or MRI , brain imaging can be done if the CNS or congenital toxoplasmosis is suspected.

10. TREATMENT Anti parasitic drugs such as; Pyrimethamine Sulfadiazine Leucovorin(follinic acid prevents follic acid defieciency) Plusfolinic acid Each medication inhibit the different step in the synthesis of tetrahydrofollic acid

11. PREVENTION Avoid drinking untreated water Eat only well cooked meat Wear gloves when gardening and during any contact with soil and sand because it might be contaminated with cat feaces that contains toxoplasma Wash hands with soap and water after gardening or contact with soil or sand Careful cleaning of cat little box

12. REFERENCES Guerina , N.G., Marquez, L. (2020). Congenital toxoplasmosis: Clinical features and diagnosis. In Armsby , C. (Ed.), UpToDate. Retrieved April 22, 2021. Petersen, E., Mandelbrot, L. (2021). Toxoplasmosis in pregnancy. In Barss , V.A., and Mitty, J. (Eds.), UpToDate. Retrieved April 22, 2021. T.H.Kayser , K.A.Bienz , J.Eckert , R.M. Zinkenagel (2005) Medical Microbiology, flexbook , Thieme Stuttgart, New York. Centers of Disease control and prevention (2020). Parasites-toxoplasmosis (toxoplasma infection). Retrieved April 22, 2021.