Toxoplasmosis pathophysiology management.pptx

Toxoplasmosis

1. Toxoplasmosis Done by: Ghadad Aghbari

2. It is an infection caused by a single-celled parasite called  Toxoplasma gondii . The parasite occurs worldwide and can last for long periods of time (up to a lifetime) in human bodies (and other animals). Pregnant women and people who are immunocompromised (have a weakened immune system) can take steps to reduce their risk of infection due to  Toxoplasma  infection causing more serious health problems. Toxoplasmosis

3. Etiology : Foodborne Transmission: Undercooked or raw meat containing tissue cysts of T. gondii is a primary source of infection. Contaminated fruits and vegetables , if not washed thoroughly, can also transmit the parasite.  2. Animal-to-Human Transmission: Cats:  Cats shed oocysts in their feces, which can contaminate soil, water, and food.  Accidental ingestion :  Humans can become infected by accidentally ingesting oocysts from cat feces or soil contaminated by them. 

4. 3. Vertical Transmission: T. gondii can be transmitted from a pregnant woman to her fetus , causing congenital toxoplasmosis.  4. Other Routes: Organ transplantation and blood transfusions can transmit the parasite.  Infected meat or water sources.  Etiology

5. Signs and symptoms The symptoms of toxoplasmosis depend on where the parasite is active or not . This tends to be different depending on whether it’s a new (acute) infection, a reactivation or present at birth (congenital). Ocular toxoplasmosis (toxoplasmosis of the eye) symptoms : Eye pain. Blurred vision Blindness. Acute toxoplasmosis have flu-like symptoms : Fever. Fatigue . Muscle aches . Painless,  swollen lymph nodes i n neck or armpits. Sore throat . Enlarged liver and spleen (hepatosplenomegaly)

6. Signs and Symptoms: Brain and spinal cord CNS symptoms in immuonocompormisde : Headaches . Confusion. Seizures . Fever. Facial paralysis . Congenital toxoplasmosis symptoms : Yellowish skin and eyes ( jaundice ). Enlarged liver and spleen (hepatosplenomegaly). Vision loss, eye pain or sensitivity to light ( retinochoroiditis ). Calcium deposits in their brain. Fluid on the brain ( hydrocephalus ). Small head size ( microcephaly ). Vision changes. Numbness. Weakness or loss of motor skills. Toxoplasmic encephalitis. Coma .

7. Diagnosis and Tests Blood tests: Positive IgM, Negative IgG:  Indicates a recent infection. Positive IgG, Negative IgM:  Suggests past exposure or immunity. Positive IgM and IgG:  May indicate a current or reactivated infection; further testing is needed to confirm. Biopsy:  Rarely, your healthcare provider may take a small amount of tissue and send it to a lab to look for signs of  T. gondii . Imaging:  As   CT scan  or  MRI . Ultrasound and Amniocentesis in pregnancies.

8. Toxoplasma gondii Toxoplasma gondii intracellular Toxoplasmosis: Basics

9. Toxoplasmosis: Basics Oocyst Tissue cyst Tachyzoite T gondii: T hree forms (No question—review slide, proceed when ready)

10. Toxoplasmosis: Inactive scar

11. Toxoplasmosis Congenital toxoplasmosis: Hydrocephalus

12. Congenital toxoplasmosis: Intracranial calcifications Toxoplasmosis

13. Management and Treatment Toxoplasmosis is treated with a combination of anti-parasitic medicines and antibiotics. Pyrimethamine . Sulfadiazine . Atovaquone . Spiramycin (before 18 weeks of pregnancy). Trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole . Clindamycin . Leucovorin .