TRAINING & DEVELOPMENT UNIT 1 kerala university kerala university

TRAINING & DEVELOPMENT UNIT 1 kerala university

1. TRAINING & DEVELOPMENT

2. SYLLABUS UNIT I Introduction - Evolution of training, Concept, Role, Need and Importance of training, Objectives of training and development, Overview of training functions, Designing an HRD programme, Types of training. Training philosophy, Principles of Training, Principles of Learning, Cognitive learning, Developing an integrated approach of Learning and Training programme,Future Trends in learning and development. UNIT 2 Training Need Identification / Assessment (TNI/TNA) - Concept, Scope and Importance, Methods and Techniques of Training Need Assessment, Process of training, identification of job competencies, Criteria for identifying training needs (manpower analysis – task analysis – organization analysis) – Approaches to Training Needs Assessment, Recent scenario of TNI, Technology’s Influence on Training and Learning. UNIT 3 Designing and Conducting Training and Development Programmes - Factors affecting Training Design, Considerations in Designing Effective Training Programs, Trainer Competencies, Trainer’s Role, The Trainer as Planner, Trainer’s Encourage Objectivity and Creativity, Conducting Training and development Programme, Advantages of Designing Training and Development Programme, Designing a Training module, Training Audit, Training Research , Budgeting of training. Budgeting Process, Preparation of training proposals. UNIT 4 Evaluation of Training and Development Programme - Concept, Types of Evaluation, Different methods of training, Factors Influencing Transfer of Training, Reasons for Evaluating Training, Evaluation Process, Pre-training Evaluation, Evaluation during Training Post-Training Evaluation - Determining Outcomes, Evaluation Techniques-Models of Training Evaluation - Kirk Patrick Model of evaluation – CIRO model – Cost Benefit analysis – ROI of training, Strategies for Effective Training Transfer, IBM Model, Uirle Patrick Approach UNIT 5 Management Development - Focus and approach to Management Development, Knowledge and Skill of the Manager, Need and Importance of Management Development, Training for Executive Level Management, Components of Training for Management Development Programme, Selection of Techniques, Management Development Process, Company Strategies for Providing Development.

3. Evolution of training rooted in the origins of education itself An examination of the history of education from the beginning shows a continuum of human progress from survival-driven learning; to education rooted in antiquity, the classics, and religious beliefs; to the influences of war and military strategy on scientific and technical education; to the job skills training and scientific management spawned by the industrial revolution; to the post–World War II era leadership development programs and the training of teams; and, finally, to the development of individuals, organizations, and communities for a variety of work-related purposes

4. Evolution of training in the U.S - emerged in the period during and after its involvement in World War II During this period, there was a dramatic increase in the demand for trained workers brought on by the expanding wartime economy and by technological innovations . During the post-war period, industry gradually adopted the lessons learned about effective training during the war and acquired a major funding partner, the U.S. military. The dominant forms of training during this period were classroom training and on-the-job training.  

5. Evolution of training One of the first widely adopted models for designing training was the instructional systems development (ISD) model (Campbell, 1984). Unlike prior training methods, the ISD model emphasized the importance of needs assessment before training and evaluating its effectiveness after training. The five phases of the ISD model— analyze , design, develop, implement, and evaluate—gave rise to the acronym, ADDIE, the popular term used for this training model. The ISD model was widely regarded as providing systematic rigor to training that, prior to its introduction, was often amorphous and unreliable. The widespread use of structured approaches to training was accompanied by calls for their refinements including recommendations to decrease the lengthy, pre-training analysis phase and better integrate learning with working.

6. Evolution of training With roots in the 1980s, the perception of employee training as a value-added function today still depends on the ability to demonstrate its return on investment, especially during periods of reduced business spending. Despite greater awareness of the importance of justifying education and training expenses, the challenges associated with these methods limit their use. The 1990s witnessed the influence of the performance paradigm and emphasis on training’s ability to improve performance. Training became more diverse and sophisticated and included employee skills inventories, just-in-time training, independent training consultants and vendors, and advanced methods to measure the behavioral and financial results of training. As the appeal of investing in training grew among employers, its funding increased.

7. Evolution of training In the 1990s, the widespread use of personal computers and the introduction of computer-based training prompted the rethinking of traditional models of employee training. Its speed, visual display, and accessibility of multiple learning resources from a single computer facilitated the rapid adoption of computer-based training . Training options expanded in the late 1980s and early 1990s to include more computer-based options, including electronic performance support systems (EPSSs) and automated performance support (APS) that were designed to balance learning and performance value with ease of use for non-computer experts. The emergence of the Internet and computer based training during this period provided the foundation for today’s elaborate e-learning systems

8. Definition According to Edwin B. Flippo , “ training is the act of increasing the knowledge and skills of an employee for doing a particular job. ” Whereas, Development refers to the overall holistic and educational growth and maturity of people in managerial positions. The process of development is in relation to insights, attitudes, adaptability, leadership and human relations.

9. ROLE OF TRAINING: Increase in Efficiency. Increase in Morale of Employees. Better Human Relations. Reduced Supervision. Increased Organisational Viability and Flexibility Introduction of new strategies and working methods in the organisation Advancement in technology Organisational Policy

10. Need and Importance of Training Rapid technological innovations impacting the workplace have made it necessary for people to constantly update their knowledge and skills Change in the style of management Lack of proper and scientific selection procedure For career advancement For higher motivation and productivity For employee motivation and retention and self development To improve organisational climate To help the organisation to fulfil its future manpower needs To keep pace with times To bridge the gap between skills requirement and skills availability For the survival and growth of the organisation

11. OBJECTIVES OF TRAINING To increase the knowledge of workers in doing specific jobs. To systematically impart new skills to the human resources so that they learn quickly. To bring about change in the attitudes of the workers towards fellow workers, supervisor and the organization. To improve the overall performance of the organization. To make the employees handle materials, machines and equipment efficiently and thus to check wastage of time and resources. To reduce the number of accidents by providing safety training to employees. To prepare employees for higher jobs by developing advanced skills in them.

12. Training Vs Development

13. overview of training functions The primary function of training and development is to  prepare employees with the tools and skills needed to do productive and high-quality work  that will allow the company to serve its customers effectively. Training also serves to help your company stay competitive and innovative through the use of ongoing learning activities in response to changes and practices in the industry. In the long term, training helps with succession planning since your company can identify possible successors early on and provide development activities that prepare candidates for future leadership positions.

14. TYPES OF TRAINING There are different types of training, they are as following. Communications training Computer skills training Customer service training   Diversity training Ethics training Human relations training Quality training Safety training Sexual harassment prevention training

15. Training philosophy Every organisation has different philosophy on training depending on its objectives, strategies, culture, and climate. Philosophy means putting the nature of universe, including meaning, people and relationships into an understandable and explainable perspective.  The training philosophy of an organisation expresses the degree of importance it attaches to training and development of human resources. Organisation with positive philosophy understands that they live in a world where effectiveness is achieved by having competent employees and organisational performance cannot be improved they invest in developing the skills and competencies of their employees. The organisation need to set concrete objectives for training in terms of a return on investment and the training philosophy should reflect this. These areas which such philosophy should be developed are as follows: Relevance Problem based Action oriented Performance related training  Continuous development.

16. Principles of Training The basic training principles help trainers to design programmes that are specific to the needs of an organization and individual employees. Principles of goal setting Principles of individuality Principle of practice Principle of feedback Principle of meaningfulness Principle of overload Principles of specificity Principles of adaptation Principle of progression Principle of reversibility Principle of variation 

17. LEARNING “ Learning is any relatively permanent changes in the behaviour that occurs as a result of experience” -Stephen p Robbins. “Learning is a process by which a person constructs knowledge, skills and capabilities”-Martyn sloman

18. Principles Of Learning Principle of Stratified Process Pyramid Repetition Principle Principle of Motivation Principle of Seeing and Hearing Principle of Opportunities for Application Principle of Relationship to Practical Experience Principle of participation in the learning process Principle of feedback Principle of Trying Out Ideas Principle of Adequacy of Physical Environment

19. Andragogy The art and science of helping adults learn. Educating adults involves understanding adult learning principles . Malcolm Knowles coined the word andragogy. Most of us are more familiar with the term pedagogy as the process of helping children learn. Andragogy is the art and science of helping adults learn. The andragogy model is based on several assumptions:  Adults have the need to know why they are learning something. Adults have a need to be self-directed. Adults bring more work-related experience into the learning situation. Adults enter into a learning experience with a problem-centered approach to learning. Adults are motivated to learn by both extrinsic and intrinsic motivators. It is especially important to consider principles of adult learning when developing training programs. A common theme of successful adult training is that of mutuality, in which both the trainer and the learner are involved in creating a learning experience and making sure that learning occurs.

20. COGNITIVE LEARNING Cognitive learning  is an active style of learning that focuses on helping you learn how to maximize your brain’s potential. It makes it easier for you to connect new information with existing ideas hence deepening your memory and retention capacity. The ability of the brain’s mental processes to absorb and retain information through experience, senses, and thought is known as  cognition .

21. fundamental aspects of cognitive learning   The following are fundamental aspects of cognitive learning: 1. Comprehension For cognitive learning to be efficient and benefit you, understand the reason why you are learning a specific subject in the first place. 2. Memory Cognitive learning discourages cramming of information, which is very ineffective in education. Having a deep understanding of a subject improves your ability to relate new knowledge with previous experiences or information. 3. Application Cognitive learning strategies help you apply new information or skills in life situations. They encourage you as you continue to develop problem-solving skills.

22. Cognitive Learning Theory Cognitive learning theory  explains how internal and external factors influence an individual’s mental processes to supplement learning. Delays and difficulties in learning are seen when cognitive processes are not working regularly. These processes are such as attention, observation, retrieval from long-term memory, and categorization. researcher by the name Jean Piaget recognized that the environment plays a huge role and also focused on changes that take place in the internal cognitive structure. Jean Piaget termed learning as relating information to already existing knowledge. And each learner starts with their own knowledge and experience. According to his theories, learning begins with the accumulation of some basic knowledge and advancing deeper into the field with time.

23. Cognitive Learning Theory Piaget suggested three vital components of learning: Accommodation - taking new information into account by modifying what we already know. Assimilation - the arrangement of new knowledge inside our heads beside what we know. Equilibration - balancing what we already know with the new information that we are trying to acquire. Each company should develop their training programs with a personalized learning approach to make it engaging for their employees to achieve better results.

24. Benefits of Cognitive Learning   The following are the major positive effects of cognitive learning:   1 . Enhances learning Cognitive learning theory enhances lifelong learning. Workers can build upon previous ideas and apply new concepts to already existing knowledge. 2. Boosts confidence Employees become more confident in approaching tasks as they get a deeper understanding of new topics and learn new skills. 3. Enhances Comprehension Cognitive learning improves learners’ comprehension of acquiring new information. They can develop a deeper understanding of new learning materials. 4. Improves problem-solving skills Cognitive learning equips employees with the skills they need to learn effectively. They are thereby able to develop problem-solving skills they can apply under challenging tasks. 5. Help learn new things faster Through the experience of learning, the employee will be able to recycle and use the same learning methods that worked previously. This will help them learn new things a lot faster as they already know what works for them when it comes to obtaining new knowledge. 6. Teaches to form concept formation (think abstract) Cognitive learning can also teach your employees to form a range of different concepts such as easily perceiving and interpreting information that could boost creativity and lead to innovations at the workplace

25. NEED FOR INTEGRATED APPROACH TO LEARNING IN TRAINING In a training programme, learning is a complex and multidimensional programme. There are several factors and conditions that influence the learning process. In this process the main players are – the participants, trainers, support staffs etc. Your task as trainer is to ensure that all these factors and components are in accord with one another in a way that strengthens and promotes the learning process. 

26. NEED FOR INTEGRATED APPROACH TO LEARNING IN TRAINING Four Ways in Which a Participant Learns  Affirmations and endorsement of existing learning.  Building on present level of competencies.  Development of new knowledge and competencies.  Learning after going through a process of de-learning. 

27. METHODS OF LEARNING IN A TRAINING PROGRAMME In a training programme, trainers are not only the source of learning for the participants. Learning can become lop-sided if they depend largely on the inputs provided by the trainers. This may also prevent of using all available avenues for learning. The trainer should promote other learning methods and also promote interaction among the participants through suitable training activities. Also it is not limited to classrooms and goes beyond precincts.  Five methods of learning are:  Direct input by the trainer.  Learning through sharing within the training group.  Learning through practice and exercise.  Formal or informal methods of observation.  Out-of-session exchanges with participants and trainers.

28. 8 Learning & Development (L&D) Trends to Watch in 2022 Upskilling & Reskilling for the Digital Workplace Content Repurposing In-App Experiences Learning in the Moment of Need Microlearning Knowledge-Sharing Ecosystem Behavioral Data Real-Time Employee Feedback https://whatfix.com/blog/learning-development-trends/