Translation studies....

translati

1. Topic:Translation Studies Subject:Applied Linguistics

2. Members Sidra Zafar Aiman Younas Komal Salahuddin Tamseela Arshad Gulshan Ara Muhammad Hussnain Asad Zulfiqar Muhammad Shakil

3. Definition Of Translation Studies Translation studies in the field of study that deals with the theory, description, and application of translation.

4. Translation Studies Translation perceived as an intrinsic part of foreign language teaching process. Translation involves rendering of a source language(SL)into target language(TL); so as to convey that. The surface meaning of the two will be approximately similar. The structure of the SL will be preserved as closely as possible with that of TL.

5. Source Language The language being translated from..

6. Target Language The language being translated to. Examples TurkishEnglish UrduEnglish

7. History of Translation Studies Translation studies emerged as a formal academic discipline in the twentieth century. James. S. Holmes' 1972 landmark paper entitled "The name and nature of Translation Studies", was the foundation statement of Translation Studies.It is called for the creation of a distinct discipline with its own system of classification.

8. Translation Studies as an Academic discipline Translation Studies entails the systematic examination of translation both as an applied practice as well as a means of understanding the transfer between diverse languages and cultures.This study enables the students to apply their theoretical understanding to the techniques that are used daily as a practicing translator.

9. What does Translation Studies involve? The study of translation includes the analysis of key texts, enabling students to develop an awareness regarding interpretation.It includes the development of research skills, practical translation skills and the ability to develop strategies for managing complex linguistic features.

10. Why we study translation? The skills of translation are becoming ever more important and desirable, as today's multicultural and multilingual society demands effective, efficient and empathetic communication between languages and cultures.

11. Division of Translation Studies The most appropriate name for the discipline in English is TRANSLATION STUDIES (TS), for this term would avoid a lot of “confusion and misunderstanding”;There should be communication channels able to reach all scholars in the field, from whatever background; TS can be divided into 2 main research areas: “Pure” and “Applied”.

12. Pure TS has two main goals Descriptive and Theoretical “To establish general principles by means of which these phenomena can be explained and predicted.”

13. Translation Theory/Theoretical Theory, TTh To describe the phenomena of translating and translation(s) as they manifest themselves in the world of experience” (Descriptive Translation Studies, DTS).

14. General Theory (Translation Theory) General (refers to those writings that represent every type of translation and make generalizations that will be relevant for translation as a whole).

15. Partial is restricted according to: (a) Medium restricted By machine: alone/ with human aid By humans: written/ spoken (consecutive or simultaneous ) (b) Area restricted (specific languages) (c) Rank restricted (word/sentence/text) (d) Text-type restricted (genres: literary, business, technical translations) (e) Time restricted (periods) (f) Problem restricted (specific problems e.g. equivalence) 2). Descriptive (DTS) 1) Product-oriented (examines existing translations, single ST-TT pair or ST and many TTs) 2) Function-oriented (a study of context; ‘socio-translation studies’; cultural-studies-oriented translation) 3) Process-oriented (what happens in the mind of a translator; ‘psycho-translation studies’; e.g. Think-Aloud-Protocols)

16. Applied” branch of Holmes’s framework concerns: 1) Translator training a) Teaching evaluation methods b) Testing techniques c) Curriculum design 2) Translation aids a) IT applications (machine, translation, corpora, translation software (CAT tools), online databases, internet searches, online forums) b) Dictionariesc) Grammars d) Expert informants teaching and learning curriculum.( 3)Translation Criticisma) Evaluation of translations b) Revision of students’ translations c) Reviews of published translation 4) Translation policyThe translation scholars focus on the place of translation in society, including what place, if any, it should occupy in the language teaching and learning curriculum.

17. Research in translation studies(Introduction) Throughout the history, written and spoken translations have played a crucial role in inter-human communication, not least in providing access to important texts for scholarships and religious purposes.Yet the study of translation as an academic subject has only really begin in the past fifty years. In English- speaking world this discipline,is now generally known as translation studies. Literature review:To get a good translation work, Sakri (1985:1) said that the translation must: •Master the language of source•Master the target language Master the theory of translation Understand for knowledge background of the material to be translated.Sakri’s opinion was correct, but it would be better if the translation of the book was done by team. Authors believe that it will obtain better result.

18. Methods This study applied a qualitative approach. It is in line with a literature review from both primary and secondary data. The data in this study are all statements given by informants and all information is taken from documents.In depth-reviewing and used content analysis are applied for collecting data, while interactive analysis was used to analysis the collected data.

19. Types of Translation Literary Translation Linguistics Translation Cultural Translation Professional Translation

20. Literary Translation It refers to the translation of literary works like stories, novels, poems, and plays. It is often considered the highest form of translation because a literary translation is so much more than the mere conveying of the meaning and context of the document in the source language into the target language. It involves incorporating the appropriate cultural nuances, translating humor, feelings, emotions, and other subtle elements of a particular work.

21. Linguistics Translation It includes studies which place their emphasis on the comparative arrangement of linguistic elements between the SL and TL text with regard to phonemic, morphemic, lexical, syntagmatic and syntactic level. Into this category comes studies of the problems of linguistic equivalence, of language- bound meaning, of linguistic untranslatability, of machine translation, etc.

22. Cultural Translation Cultural translation is studied through cultural anthropology, a field of anthropology focused on cultural issues among humans. This discipline questions translation through cultural differences. Indeed, translation studies are not only based on language issues, but also on cultural contexts between people. We are not just dealing with words written in a certain time, space and socio-political situation; most importantly it is the "cultural" aspect of the text that we should take into account.

23. Professional Translation It is a type of translation which pertains the professional requirements and through knowledge of the subject. It usually refers to certain fields such as IT or manufacturing and deals with texts such and manuals and instructions. Technical translations are usually more expensive as they need specialist translator of that field.

24. Six Different Translation problems/issues Lexical Semantic Problem Grammar Problems Syntax/Syntactical Problems Rhetoric Problems Pragmatic Problems(an example of marketing translation) Cultural Problems(an example of financial translation)

25. Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be drawn the conclusion that firstly, the development of translation theories can be divided into four phases. Translation research tends to direct its research orientations to the product of the translations work. Translation works are interdisciplinary studies.

26. References Brislin, Rw(2003) translation and testing. Nida.E.A(2001)language and culture:context in translating.

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