Tree diagram

What is syntactic relations?
What is tree diagram?
What is C-Command?
Basic terms regarding tree diagram
Where and When C-Command work?

1. In the name of Allah, the most Beneficent, the most Merciful.

2. Syntactic Relations Presented to: Miss Madeeha Khan Presented by: Asif Ali Raza [email protected] [phone]

3. Points to be discussed What are Syntactic Relations? What is Tree Diagram? Basic Terms regarding Tree Diagram Constituent Command or C-Command C-Command condition on binding

4. What are Syntactic Relations? In  linguistics, syntactic relations (= grammatical functions, grammatical roles, syntactic functions, grammatical relations) refer to functional relationships between constituents in a clause or phrase . Relation between the constituents of various types of phrases or sentences is called Syntactic Relations.

5. What is Tree Diagram? A tree diagram is a way of representing the hierarchical nature of a structure in a graphical form. It is named a "tree diagram" because the classic representation resembles a tree, even though the chart is generally upside down compared to an actual tree, with the "root" at the top and the "leaves" at the bottom . Tree diagram provides us visual representation of the constituents of the corresponding expression. It looks like a family tree.

6. What is Tree Diagram? E.g. The child can kick a football. Tree diagrams are referred to in the relevant literature as Phrase Markers (P-Markers) A child can kick football a S NP Aux VP N V NP Art N Art

7. What is Tree Diagram? E.g. The child can kick a football. TP D P T ' D N T VP V NP The child can kick football Tree diagrams are referred to in the relevant literature as Phrase Markers (P-Markers) N V a

8. Terms regarding Tree Diagram Constituent Sub-Constituent Root/Mother, Sister, Daughter, Grand Daughter etc Node, Terminal Node, Non-terminal Node, Labeled Node Branch/Solid Line

9. Terms regarding Tree Diagram A B E C D F G H J Labeled Nodes Solid Lines/Branches

10. Terms regarding Tree Diagram A B E C D F G H J i -Constituent ii-Non-Terminal Node i -Sub-Constituent ii-Non-Terminal Node Terminal Nodes Terminal Nodes contain any lexical item

11. Terms regarding Tree Diagram A B E C D F G H J Terminal Nodes Terminal Nodes contain any lexical item The president may blame himself. TP DP T ' D N T VP V The president may blame himself NP

12. Terms regarding Tree Diagram A B E C D F G H J Mother/Root i -Daughters of A ii-Sisters i -Grand Daughters of A ii-Sisters—CD (daughters of B) and FG(daughters of E) iii-Cousins CD to FG and FG to CD i -Daughters of G ii-Sisters to each other iii-they have no cousin iv-Grand grand daughters of A v-Grand daughters of E

13. Who can command in a Family (in Tree Diagram)? A B E C D F G H J Mother or Root A dominates everyone.

14. Who can command in a Family (in Tree Diagram)? A B E C D F G H J B commands E, F, G, H and J

15. Who can command in a Family (in Tree Diagram)? A B E C D F G H J E commands B, C and D

16. Who can command in a Family (in Tree Diagram)? A B E C D F G H J C and D command each other F commands G, H and J G commands F

17. What is CONSTITUENT COMMAND or C-COMMAND? From the above examples, C-Command can be defined as follows: A constituent X c-commands its sister Y and any constituent Z which is contained within Y.

18. Explanation of CONSTITUENT COMMAND or C-COMMAND We can give example of importance of C-Command relation in syntactic description by looking at ANAPHORS (especially REFLEXIVES and RECIPROCALS) He must feel proud of himself . (“He” is antecedent of “himself” and “himself” is bound by “He”) The people help one another. (“The people” is antecedent of “one another” and “one another” is bound by “The people”.)

19. Explanation of CONSTITUENT COMMAND or C-COMMAND We can give example of importance of C-Command relation in syntactic description by looking at ANAPHORS (especially REFLEXIVES and RECIPROCALS) He must feel proud of herself . (“He” is antecedent and requires singular masculine reflexive--himself to form grammatical structure but here is “herself” and forms an ungrammatical structure.) The two men help one another. (“The two men” is antecedent and requires reciprocal—each other to form grammatical structure but here is “one another” and forms an ungrammatical structure.)

20. C-Command condition on binding Can you recall this? A B E C D F G H J The president may blame himself. TP DP T ' D N T VP V PRN The president may blame himself

21. C-Command condition on binding Can you recall this? A B E C D F G H J Supporters of the president may blame himself. TP NP T ' N PP T VP V PRN Supporters of the president may blame himself. P DP N D

22. Query Session

23. Thanks Wish you best of luck in every sphere of life! You may download this presentation form here: http://www.slideshare.net/AsifAliRaza/syntactic-relations

24. Readings English Syntax by Andrew Radford English Syntax and Argumentation by Bas Aarts Syntax by Andrew Carnie An Introduction to English Syntax by Jim Miller Ling 201 – Basic Concepts of Linguistics Jirka Hana – March 25, 2006 How Many Word-Classes Are There After All? István Kenesei Research Institute for Linguistics, HAS, & University of Szeged IMM14, Budapest, May 13-16, 2010 INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS BA Modul 1 Institut für Anglistik nd Amerikanistik Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Bauer, L. 1983. English Word-Formation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 13-18; 20-22. Brown, K. & J.E. Miller 1991 2 . Syntax: a Linguistic Introduction to Sentence Structure. London: Harpercollins ; 155-172. Matthews, P.H. 1991 2 . Morphology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 24-40.