TREE PEST AND DISEASE IN SAL FOREST - Copy.pptx

sal disease and pest

1. TREE PEST AND DISEASE IN SAL FOREST 8/29/2024 1

2. INTRODUCTION Forest pathology is the study of tree diseases including diseases of trees in forests, plantations, nurseries, urban areas, and landscape settings. Forest pests and diseases are responsible for significant losses in both natural and plantation forests (FAO, 2010). Mixing of tree species has been reported as a solution to reduce pest incidence and spread ( GoN , 2009). Objectives: To identify prevailing forest pests and diseases in Akala Community Forest 8/29/2024 2

3. Study Area This study was conducted in Akala Community Forestry, Damauli Tanahun Slope: 15-25 degree Aspect: Southeast Crown cover: 50-70% Major species is Shorea robusta Associated species: Schima wallichii etc. Disease severity percentage: 25% of sampled area Plot size : 20m *20m for trees, 5m*5m for poles, 2m*2m for sapling 8/29/2024 3

4. Leaf Blight Leaves are infected by the  Taphrina genus that causes additional growth of the contaminated area (blisters, curling, expansion, puckering). Symptoms Sudden dying of all or part of tree, Rapid killing of foliage, blossoms and twigs Leaf blight refers to a group of tree diseases which are caused by fungus or bacteria. Leaf blight can be very detrimental to the health of the tree, and if left unchecked, could result in a need for tree removal. 8/29/2024 4 Figure: Fire Blight Figure: Leaf Blight Major Findings

5. Control Measures For best control, apply copper-based fungicides early, two weeks before disease normally appears or when weather forecasts predict a long period of wet weather 8/29/2024 5

6. "Leaf blister" is a common term used to describe a type of plant disease characterized by the development of raised, blister-like structures on the surface of leaves. Causes by: Fungal Pathogens: Taphrina spp , Phytophthora spp , Exobasidium spp. Bacterial Pathogens: Xanthomonas spp , Pseudomonas spp Symptoms: Raised Blisters Abnormal Coloring Leaf Distortion Leaf Blister 8/29/2024 6 Figure: Leaf Blister

7. Control measures: Chemical Methods: Bordeaux mixture, copper hydroxide, triazole and strobilurin fungicides Biological Methods: Beneficial Microorganisms : Bacillus subtilis or Trichoderma spp Physical Methods: Leaf picking, pruning, sanitation, physical barriers 8/29/2024 7

8. Canker Canker is a tree bark disease with necrotic areas. It occurs due to pathogenic fungi (e.g., Phytophthora, Cytospora ) that penetrate through bark cracks or mechanical and natural injures (e.g., man-made wounds, frost cracks, fire burns, sunscalds). Symptoms: Sunken Lesions, Discoloration, Cracked Bark, Raised Edges, Dead Tissue, Oozing Sap or Fluids, Wilting or Dieback, Fungal or Bacterial Fruiting Bodies 8/29/2024 8 Figure: Canker

9. Control Measures Chemical treatment is not effective in this case. Pruning is the common method when infected branches have to be removed. Do not prune when the bark is wet; this helps to spread the causal fungus. However, the whole tree is cut if there are cankers on the stem. 8/29/2024 9

10. Gall Formation "Galls" are abnormal growths that develop on plants in response to various stimuli, including insects, mites, fungi, bacteria, and environmental factors and have a wide range of shapes, sizes, and colors Symptoms: Abnormal Growth Changes in Plant Growth Visible Insects or Mites 10 8/29/2024 10 Figure: Gall Formation

11. Control measures: Pruning and Removal of infected trees and regular inspection of trees. Introduce or encourage natural predators and parasitoids Chemical Control: (insecticides and miticides) 11 8/29/2024 11

12. Being a dominant species of study area sal was found to be most affected by various diseases. Within the different stages of sal mature trees were more affected in comparison to sapling sand seedlings. There were limited signs of forest management and protection activities which could have promoted the infestation of forest pests or pathogens. Lack of proper care during the epidemic stage can cause more serious issue, leading to forest degradation and biodiversity loss. Therefore, forest user group of Akala community forest should immediately develop a strategy to control infestation through the consultation with forest pathologist. Conclusion 8/29/2024 12

13. Photo plates 8/29/2024 13 Termites attack Paxillus Wood sucker

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