TRIUMVIRATE; SOCRATES PLATO ARISTOTLE

Ancient Philosopher that influences Western Philosophy

1. ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY TRIUMVIRATE Prepared by: Raizza P. Corpuz 2015

2. ANCIENT Knowledge and Virtue Prepared by RPC2014

3. TRIUMVIRATE Prepared by RPC2014

4. SOCRATES ( 470/469 – 399 BC) Virtuous Man The Socratic Method DIALECTIC: A method of seeking truth through a series of questions and answers. The Socratic method is a “dialectic” method teaching. To solve a problem, it is broken down into a series of questions, the answers to which gradually distill the answer a person would seek. Prepared by RPC2014

5. Socrates Ethics primary concern in philosophy was, “How should we live?” 3 Questions What is good? What is right? What is just (justice)? Prepared by RPC2014

6. Socrates Ethics: Socrates ' ethics assumes that Education is the key to living an ethical life. No one desires evil. No one errs or does wrong willingly or knowingly. Virtue—all virtue—is knowledge. Virtue = positive moral behavior Prepared by RPC2014

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9. ¼ Yellow Paper (SOCRATES IDEOLOGY) CHOOSE 1 and EXPLAIN your own THOUGHT… Prepared by RPC2014

10. Plato Socrates' Student Founded the Academy – First institution for higher education First Western philosopher whose writings have survived Most of what we know about Socrates comes from Plato's writings Agreed with Pythagoras that Mathematics were essential in understanding the world Prepared by RPC2014

11. WILL Plato Ethics Humans are made of 3 conflicting elements: Passions Intellect Will Most people live life allowing the PASSIONS, INTELLECT and WILL to be in conflict with one another. Prepared by RPC2014 INTELLECT PASSIONS

12. Plato Ideal living is when the INTELLECT controls the PASSIONS through the WILL Prepared by RPC2014 INTELLECT WILL PASSIONS

13. Plato Metaphysics Reality can be divided into two realms: The Visible World Forms - Ideas Prepared by RPC2014

14. Plato Metaphysics The Visible World Lower - Imperfect World experienced by our senses Physical Bound by Space and Time Always changing Always “becoming” Prepared by RPC2014

15. Plato Metaphysics Realm of Forms-Ideas Higher - Perfect ULTIMATE REALITY Not accessible to our senses Non-Physical Not Bound by Space and Time Never Changing Always “is” Prepared by RPC2014 HORSE

16. Plato's Cave Prepared by RPC2014

17. CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF PLATO’S ALLEGORY OF THE CAVE (SW) BASED ON THE VIDEO CLIP: Answer the ffg : Answer it in BRIEF, CONCISE and SHORT manner. What is your own perception of the Allegory of the Cave? What symbol represents the said thought of Plato in his Allegory that you can relate to your daily existence? Prepared by RPC2014

18. Plato Politics: The Ideal Republic Philosophically Aware Rulers (Governing Class) Police Class (Protective Class) General Population (Worker Class) Prepared by RPC2014

19. Aristotle (384-322 BCE) the first to classify areas of human knowledge into distinct disciplines such as mathematics, biology, and ethics He was the first to devise a formal system for reasoning, whereby the validity of an argument is determined by its structure rather than its content Aristotle was the founder of the Lyceum , the first scientific institute, based in Athens, Greece. RPCorpuxz 2013

20. Along with his teacher Plato, he was one of the strongest advocates of a liberal arts education , which stresses the education of the whole person, including one’s moral character, rather than merely learning a set of skills. According to Aristotle, this view of education is necessary if we are to produce a society of happy as well as productive individuals. Prepared by RPC2014

21. Aristotle (384-322 BCE) RPCorpuxz 2013 The “real” or “encyclopaedists” or “inspired common sense” or “the prince of those who know” Studied under Plato at the Academy Son of a Macedonian doctor, returned home to become the teacher of Alexander of Macedon for three years, beginning in 343 BCE Later returned to Athens to open school called the Lyceum in 335 BCE

22. Aristotle’s LOGIC Logic 3 Areas of Learning Theoretical Practical Productive Logic is a Tool underlying all learning Prepared by RPC2014

23. Logic Categories Sets the boundary of terms Essential in forming an argument Prepared by RPC2014 Dogs Pugs Animals

24. The 4 Causes To really “know” something you need to know the causes of it. Example: What is a house? Prepared by RPC2014 Material Cause The “materials” that make up the thing. Bricks are the material cause of a Brick House

25. Material Cause Insufficiency of the Material Cause The materials that make up a thing are not the same as the thing itself. A pile of Bricks is not a House Some things can be made of different materials. Houses can be made of Bricks or Wood or Metal. Prepared by RPC2014 Formal Cause The FORM of the thing. The pattern, shape, characteristics of a thing. Not the same as Plato's idea of Forms, i.e. no realm of forms. The Form does not have an existence apart from the thing as in Plato's concept of Forms

26. Efficient Cause The cause that changes the materials into the thing. The Tools/Instruments used to create the thing. Prepared by RPC2014 Final Cause The reason, purpose or goal of a thing. Ex . The purpose of a house is to shelter a people. Final Cause is evidence of an Intelligent Designer who provides things with purpose Teleology – Nature Intelligent Design

27. ARISTOTLE Ethics: Virtues Prepared by RPC2014 Acquired by Habit Not innate Habit develops a disposition to act virtuously The Golden Mean: Mid-point between 2 extremes Courage Cowardice RECKLESNESS theory of happiness that is still relevant today happiness is a final end or goal that encompasses the totality of one’s life . It is not something that can be gained or lost in a few hours, like pleasurable sensations . It is more like the ultimate value of your life as lived up to this moment, measuring how well you have lived up to your full potential as a human being. 

28. Ethics: Virtuous Life Know what is Right Do what is Right Practical Wisdom - Make Right Decisions based on Good Reasons Contemplation of the Best things NOT just Good things – Good is the enemy of the Best Motivation for Doing Anything is Flourishing (Full - Meaningful) Prepared by RPC2014

29. THE PURSUIT OF HAPPINESS AS THE EXERCISE OF VIRTUE Aristotle tells us that the most important factor in the effort to achieve happiness: is to have a good moral character — what he calls “complete virtue.” But being virtuous is not a passive state: one must act in accordance with virtue. Nor is it enough to have a few virtues; rather one must strive to possess all of them. As Aristotle writes, He is happy who lives in accordance with complete virtue and is sufficiently equipped with external goods, not for some chance period but throughout a complete life. (Nicomachean Ethics) Prepared by RPC2014

30. THUS, Happiness is the ultimate end and purpose of human existence Happiness is not pleasure, nor is it virtue. It is the exercise of virtue. Happiness cannot be achieved until the end of one’s life. Hence it is a goal and not a temporary state. Happiness is the perfection of human nature. Since man is a rational animal, human happiness depends on the exercise of his reason. Happiness depends on acquiring a moral character, where one displays the virtues of courage, generosity, justice, friendship, and citizenship in one’s life. These virtues involve striking a balance or “mean” between an excess and a deficiency. Happiness requires intellectual contemplation , for this is the ultimate realization of our rational capacities. Prepared by RPC2014

31. Prepared by RPC2014 A key theme in Aristotle's thought is that  happiness  is the goal of life. Eudaimonia or Happiness

32. “We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act, but a habit. ... At his best, man is the noblest of all animals; separated from law and justice he is the worst.” (Aristotle, 384 - 322 B.C.) Prepared by RPC2014

33. Thus, HAPPINESS DEPENDS OURSELVES! Prepared by RPC2014

34. THANK YOU! Some excerpt: Slideshare.com A History of Greek Philosophy, Vol. 6.  Cambridge University Press. One of the standard classics of the history of Greek philosophy http://www.pursuit-of-happiness.org/history-of-happiness/aristotle/ Prepared by RPC2014