Tuberculosis.pptx

Complete guide on tuberculosis, epidemiology and interelation with other pathologies.

1. THEME : TUBERCULOSIS PRESENTED BY: EBI NDONGO, NANA PADJI, TAMKO RANDY, ZAMBO ZAMBO. SUPERVISED BY: MR. JORDY T. NOUALA 1 Université des Montagnes Academic year: 2020/2021

2. INDEX INTRODUCTION CLASSIFICATION INCIDENCE / EPIDEMIOLOGY CAUSES AND MODE OF TRANSMISSION PATHOGENESIS AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION AND COMPLICATIONS PREVENTION AND TREATMENT CONCLUSION AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 2

3. I. INTRODUCTION ORIGIN AND DEFINITION The term ‘ Tuberculosis ’ originated from the Neo Latin words ; ‘Tubercle’; round nodule/swelling and ‘Osis ’; Condition. It is described as an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (discovered by Dr. Robert Koch on March 24th 1882 ), characterized by the formation of tubercles (round nodules) or granulomas in the lungs. 3

4. II. CLASSIFICATION 4 Latent tuberculosis Active tuberculosis

5. III. INCIDENCE / EPIDEMIOLOGY GENDER AGES (YEARS) GLOBAL AFRICA MALE 0 - 14 624 186 ≥ 15 5,540 1,310 TOTAL 6,164 1,496 FEMALE 0 - 14 570 168 ≥ 15 3,220 793 TOTAL 3,790 961 5 Fig 1: Estimated number of TB cases (in thousands) for children and adults, globally and for WHO regions, 2019.

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7. IV. CAUSES AND MODE OF TRANSMISSION 7 Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis in humans and Mycobacterium bovis in animals. Mycobacterium africanum Mycobacterium bovis Mycobacterium microti Mycobacterium canetti Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex Causative Agent : Mycobacteria

8. Mode of transmission : Airborne droplet The main path of entry of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the respiratory tract . Tuberculosis is contracted by airborne route , through the inhalation of droplet nuclei containing organisms of tubercle bacillus from an infected individual. 8 Fig 2: Tuberculosis airborne transmission (through cough or sneeze).

9. V. PATHOGENESIS AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 9 Fig 3: Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis.

10. Fig 4 : Pathophysiology of Tuberculosis. 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

11. VI. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS 11

12. VII. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATIONS AND COMPLICATIONS History collection Physical examination Blood test Sputum test (culture) Chest radiography Mantoux tuberculin skin test 12 DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATIONS

13. CHEST RADIOGRAPHY 13 Healthy Infected

14. MANTOUX TEST SPUTUM TEST 14

15. COMPLICATIONS Meningitis Spinal pain Joint damage Damage to the liver or kidneys Heart disorders Laryngitis 15

16. VIII. PREVENTION AND TREATMENT PREVENTION 16 Wash hands regularly especially after coughing or sneezing. Use tissue when coughing or sneezing, and get rid of the tissue properly. Avoid close contact with people especially infected ones. Ventilate your room or house regularly. BCG vaccine is important for children (0-5years).

17. BCG VACCINE 17 Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Created in 1921 and is the only vaccine available for protection against tuberculosis. 0.1ml administered intradermally, with efficiency of 0-80% and protection lasts 15-20years. Given to non-HIV infected infants as soon as possible after birth.

18. TREATMENT ANTI-TUBECULAR DRUGS 18 FIRST LINE DRUGS

19. 19 SECOND LINE DRUGS

20. 20 NEWER DRUGS

21. ADVERSE REACTIONS TO ANTI-TUBERCULAR DRUGS Drugs Adverse effects Isoniazid Peripheral neuropathy, hepatitis Rifampicin Vomiting, abdominal pain, hepatitis Pyrazinamide Joint pain, hepatitis Ethambutol Optic neuritis Streptomycin Renal damage, auditory and vestibular nerve damage 21

22. Effective form of tuberculosis treatment carried out in any confined environment. The observer ensures that the right drugs are taken at the right dose and at the right time. The patient is asked a series of questions and the event is documented as well. 22 DIRECTLY OBSERVED TREATMENT SHORTCOURSE (D.O.T.S)

23. IMPORTANCE OF NURSES IN TREATMENT OF TUBERCULOSIS Patient care Health education Treatment observation Sputum collection Screening and research Reporting and recording of cases 23

24. RESEARCH STUDY ON TUBERCULOSIS TREATMENT Research study 1 Findings from an international team of investigators according to ‘The Lancet Global Health’ , stated that urine testing of HIV patients for tuberculosis can increase life expectancy rates and be cost effective especially in southern Africa. This is related to the fact that tuberculosis is a major killer of people with HIV. 24

25. 25 Research study 2 To counter the effect of Multi Drug Resistant-Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) which is tuberculosis resistant to at least Isoniazid and Rifampicin , research led by the ‘Centenary Institute of Sydney’ indicates that Aspirin would be a new target for treating MDR-TB as it prevents the bacterium from hijacking platelets from blood and weakening the immune system.

26. IX. CONCLUSION AND BIBLIOGRAPHY CONCLUSION According to the World Health Organization (W.H.O) , Tuberculosis is one of the deadliest diseases on the planet with a total of about 1.4 million kills in 2019 Including 208,000 people with HIV/AIDS . It is one of the top 10 causes of death and the leading cause from a single infectious agent. With all these details, a world wide fight against this disease is very necessary. 26

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28. 28 BIBLIOGRAPHY www.health24.com/medical/tuberculosis www.who.int/health-topics/tuberculosis fr.slideshare.net www.nsgmed.com/respiratory/pulmonary-tuberculosis-drugs-medical www.emedicine.medscape.com/article/230802-treatment tbfacts.org/deaths-from-tb/

29. 29 THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!