turnip-210917072124.pptx

Turnip botany

1. UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL SCIENCES,SHIVAMOGGA COLLEGE OF HORTICULTURE, MUDIGERE Submitted by: SHARATH M N Jr. M.Sc ( Hort ) Veg. Sci dept

2. Turnip BOTANICAL NAME: Brassica rapa Linn Syn. Brassica campestris var. rapa FAMILY : Cruciferae CHROMOSOME NO: 2n=20 ORIGIN : Mediterranean region COMMON NAME : Salgam , Shalgam , Shaljam

3. INTRODUCTION Turnip is quick growing root vegetable. It is a herbaceous biennial for seed production and an annual for use as a vegetable. Both roots and leaves are edible. The young leaves are rich source of ascorbic acid, iron and vitamin A. Turnip produces Napiform types of roots.

4. It is grown for its roots as well as for green leaves. Turnip root is rich source of Vitamin C It is grown in temperate, tropical as well as sub-tropical region of India. Commonly grown turnip is of white color. Bihar, Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Tamil Nadu are major turnip growing states in India.

5. BOTANY The leaves and petioles are hairy and coarse, and yellowish green in colour. The leaves are oblong to oval and may be entire, serrate or even pinnate depending on cultivar and time of development: leaves formed early are less likely to be pinnate. The leaves developing on inflorescence are alternate, oblong or lanceolate and entire or dentate.

6. INFLORESCENCE Inflorescence is a corymb , with open flowers standing well above the unopened younger buds. Flowers are very small with 4 sepals and 4 petals outer stamens are shorter with curled filaments.

7. FRUIT AND SEED Fruit is siliqua . seeds are very small , highly variable in color ( purple black, brighter red purple etc.).

8. ROOTS The upper part of the root ( hypocotyls ) and the lower part of the stem swell by the development of extensive little lignified secondary xylem. The neck is very short and the pith is in the form of an obtuse cone. The root shape in turnip varies from extreme long forms to flat forming types.

9. ROOT The most common type of turnip is mostly white-skinned apart from the upper 1–6 centimeters (0.39–2.36 in), which protrude above the ground and are purple or red or greenish where the sun has hit. This above-ground part develops from stem tissue , but is fused with the root.  The interior flesh is entirely white.

10. The root is roughly globular , from 5–20 cm (2.0–7.9 in) in diameter, and lacks side roots. Underneath, the taproot (the normal root below the swollen storage root) is thin and 10 cm (3.9 in) or more in length. Turnip roots weigh up to 1 kilogram although they are usually harvested when smaller.  

11. CLASSES OF TURNIP White fleshed turnip Yellow fleshed turnip These are quick maturing types. These are slow maturing types. These have low dry matter content (7-8%) These have high dry matter content(8-9%) Storability is comparatively less. These turnips stores better than white fleshed types. White fleshed turnips may be white, green, red or bronze topped. These varieties are green or purple topped. Flowers are bright yellow in colour Flowers are buff coloured.

12. WHITE FLESHED VS YELLOW FLESHED TURNIP

13. POLLINATION Turnip is mainly a cross pollinated crop. Turnip accessible to bees produced 3 times as much as seed as isolated from the bees. Such seed had better germination and they produced more vigorous plants.

14. VARIETIES Based on the morphological characters of roots and top 1. WHITE FLESHED a) Purple-topped Flat type:  Purple Top Milan Globe type:  Purple Top White Globe b) Green topped Globe type:  Green Top White, Green Globe Long type:   Cowhorn

15. c) White topped Flat type:  White Milan, White Flat Dutch Globe type:  White Stone, Quick Silver Half long type:  White Egg, White Gem Long type:  Lily White

16. 2. YELLOW FLESHED Purple-topped globe-type:  Aberdeen Purple Top Bronze or green-top, globe type:  Aberdeen Green Top, Amber Globe Yellow-topped, globe type:  Yellow Globe, Golden Ball, All Seasons 3. FOLIAGE CULTIVARS Flat Japan, Shogoin , Seven Top

17. VARIETIES Asiatic/tropical/subtropical type European/Temperate Type More pungent & better for pickles, earlier & more heat tolerant Sweeter and more palatable Pusa Kanchan , Pusa Sweti , Punjab Safed 4 Purple Top White Globe, Golden Ball, Snow Ball, Early Milan Red Top, Pusa Chandrima , Pusa Swarnima .

18. ASIATIC OR TROPICAL VARIETIES

19. Pusa Kanchan Developed at IARI,New Delhi and released in early 60s It is selection from the cross between Asiatic Red (tropical type) x Golden Ball (temperate type) Root skin is red and flesh is creamy yellow which possess good flavour and taste. Suitable for sowing from September to mid-October in plains Maturity in 55-60 days. Yield 250 q/ha. It has shorter leaf top and produces seed in plains Roots can be kept longer in the fields without being spongy

20. Pusa Sweti It is developed at IARI, New Delhi and released in 1976. Selection from an indigenous germplasm collection from Punjab. Roots pure white, medium in size, round to flattish round, tender, flesh white. Suitable for sowing from August to September in plains Maturity in 40-45 days . Yield 250 q/ha.

21. Punjab Safed It is an early variety developed at PAU, Ludhiana. Its roots are white, round, medium sized. Mature in about 60days.

22. L-1 It is developed at PAU , Ludhiana Plant top is medium,leaves are complete with serrated margins and dark green in colour. Roots are round, pure white , smooth , rat-tailed and crisp with mild flavour. It takes 45-60 days to reach marketable maturity. Average yield is 260 quintals per hectare

23. EUROPEAN OR TEMPERATE VARIETIES

24. Purple Top White Globe: Introduction and recommended by IARI,New Delhi. It is large rooted and heavy yielding variety Roots nearly round, large, smooth, skin purplish red on upper portion which extends above soil surface, lower portion creamy coloured . Most popular variety of temperate group. Flesh white, firm and crisp. Best for dehydration , matures in 60-65days after sowing. Average yield 250-300q/ha.

25. Golden Ball It was bred at IARI Regional Station, Katrain , Kullu Valley, HP. It gives globe shaped, smooth, yellow roots with sweet and yellow flesh. Yield varies between 200-250q/ha.

26. Snow Ball Introduction and recommended by IARI, Regional Station, Katrain . It is an Early variety. Roots are medium sized, round, smooth and white. Flesh is white, fine grained, and tender with sweet taste. Average yield is around 25-30 t/ha

27. Early Milan Red Top It is an extra early maturing variety Ready for harvesting within 45 days after sowing. Very high yielding variety with deep flat roots having purplish red tops and white underneath. It has pure white, crisp and mildly pungent flesh.

28. Pusa Swarnima Developed at IARI, Regional Station, Katrain Developed by hybridization and selection by involving Japanese White(Asiatic)X Golden Ball(temperate type) and released in : 1979 Recommended areas :Suitable for temperate, sub-tropical and tropical regions of North India. Yield : 35.5 t/ha Suitable for planting in June to October in hilly region and October to December in plain.

29. Characteristics : Early maturing variety, medium leaf tops, roots flattish and round. Its outer skin light yellow in colour . It matures in 60-70 days.

30. Pusa Chandrima Year of release :1979 Recommended areas :Suitable for temperate, sub-tropical and tropical regions of north India. Yield: 30-40 t/ha Characteristics: Roots large round to flattish, white in colour with medium leaf tops. Its outer skin is less deep and flesh white in colour.

31. Seed Production METHODS OF SEED PRODUCTION Seed to seed Root to seed SEED TO SEED The crop is allowed to overwinter in the field and produce seed in the following spring in their original position .

32. ROOT TO SEED METHOD The turnip is usually produced by root to seed method. In this method, during autumn the roots, when fully developed, are uprooted and selection of true to type root is made. Underdeveloped ,deformed , diseased and off type roots are rejected . After pruning the taproot and clipping the tops, leaving the crown intact. The selected roots are replanted in prepared soil in such a way that the whole root is covered under soil, leaving the crown exposed.

33. Brief cultural practices Root to seed method(1 St season-Raising of stecklings ) Time of sowing Last week of August or first week of September. Preparation of field Prepare the field to fine tilth by ploughing , 3 to 4 harrowing , followed by levelling .

34. Source of seeds Obtain nucleus / breeder/ foundation seed from source which is approved by a seed certification agency. Seed rate Seed rate is 3 to 4 kg/ha. The roots produced on 1 ha are sufficient for transplanting of 2.5 – 3 ha.

35. METHOD OF SOWING The seed should be sown on ridges . Row to row spacing 45 cm , seed should be sown thinly. Keep the ridges moist until germination is completed. Thin out plants to a distance of 7-8 cm within the rows when plants are 10-15 days old.

36. Apply 100 quintal of Farm Yard Manure during field preparation, 40kg of P at the time of transplanting the roots and 25kg of K before flowering per hectare. Application of 25kg of N in pre-bolting stage is beneficial. In the month of November , roots are uprooted, selected top of roots are clipped (preferably 2/3rd tops and 1⁄2 of the roots) and are replanted at a distance of 45 x 45cm. Light irrigation is done just after replanting of roots. Rogue out all off-types and diseased plants.

37. First roguing is done 20-30day s after sowing, second when roots are lifted and replanted and third during flowering and pod formation stage. Initiation of seed stalks and flowering starts by the end of April depending upon variety, time of planting, area where seed production is being done. Harvesting is done in May end depending on the altitude of the seed production site preferably when 60-70 per cent pods turn yellow brown. Delay in harvesting results in shattering of seeds.

38. Harvesting, threshing and curing operations are like other cole crops. Thresh and winnow seeds and dry in sun and store in cloth bags under cool, dry and well- ventilated place. Turnip seeds remain viable for about 3-4 years under good storage conditions.

39. Seed Yield : 600-800kg/ha depending upon environmental factors and the varieties used.

40. SEED CERTIFICATION STANDARDS A. Fields Standards a. General requirements Isolation Contaminants Minimum Foundation Distance Certified Fields of the other varieties 1600 1000 Fields of the same variety not conforming to varietal purity 1600 1000

41. b. Specific Requirements Factor Maximum permitted(per cent) Foundation Certified Off-type 0.10 0.20 Diseased plants 0.1 0.50

42. B. Seed Standards Factors Standards for Each class Foundation Certified Pure seed (minimum) % 98.0 98.0 Inert matter (maximum) % 2.0 2.0 Other crop seeds (maximum) Number/kg 0.05 0.10 Total weed seeds (maximum) Number/ kg 0.10 0.20 Objectionable weed seeds (maximum) Number/ kg ---- --- Germination (minimum) % 70 70 Moisture (maximum) % 6.0 8.0

43. DISEASES Powdery Mildew: Erysiphe cruciferarum Symptoms: It includes development of a white mycelia on the upper leaf surface. Younger and inner leaves are spotted first with weft like mats of mycelium that soon coalesce forming larger areas and finally covering the entire leaf as it matured.

44. Management Spray Inorganic Sulphur 0.25% or Dinocap 0.05%. Use varieties with resistance or tolerance to this disease. Remove plant debris immediately after harvest

45. DAMPING OFF Pythium sp., Rhizoctonia sp., Fusarium sp ., Symptoms It is a common disease in nursery bed where the rotting start in the collar region of the seedlings. Black and reddish brown lesion on the collar region. Finally infected seedling are toppled on the ground surface.

46. The disease is promoted by high humidity and high temperature and the damage in the seed bed, in general, is considerable.

47. Management In nursery it may be controlled with drenching the bed with 0.2% solution of Captan 50WP. The infection may also reduced if the seeds are treated with Captan @ 2.5g/kg of seeds. Crop rotation with cereals is also recommended. Seed treatment with  Trichoderma viride  4g/kg.

48. DOWNY MILDEW Peronospora parasitica Symptoms It may attack young plants and also at the seed production stage as being commonly observed in northern India in recent years, when high humidity prevails during seed production stage. Purplish leaf spots or yellow brown spots on the upper surface of the leaf appear, while fluffy downy fungus growth is found on the lower surface

49. The fungus when attacks the young seedlings, discoloration occurs and in severe cases the whole plant perishes. Infected plants develop a gray mold on the lower leaf surface. The upper leaf surface of infected plants first turns yellow and then may turn brown or necrotic.

50. Leaves wither and die. Symptoms differ from powdery mildew in that the downy mildew fungus grows only on the lower surface of the leaf. Development of the disease is favored by moist conditions.

51. Management Use varieties with resistance or tolerance to this disease. Remove plant debris immediately after harvest. Use wide plant spacing to promote drying of leaves. Seed treatment with Metalaxyl (Apron 6g/kg of seed) Avoid wetting the leaves when watering. Chlorothalonil will give good control and Copper fungicides will give fair control. Foliar spraying with Metalaxyl ( Ridomil ) 0.4%.

52. Soft Rot: Erwinia carotovora Affected roots become soft from inside while outer skin remains hard and firm. CONTROL MEASURES: Uproot affected plants along with roots and destroy.

53. BLACK LEG:  Phoma lingam Symptoms It occurs in moist regions, specially in areas with rainfall during the growing period. The fungus is carried by the seed and hence it may occur from the early stage. Stem of the affected plant when split vertically, shows severe black discoloration of sap stream. Whole root system decays from bottom upwards. Frequently, the affected plants fall over in the field.

54. Management Seed infection can be prevented by spraying the seed plants with copper oxychloride or with an organo mercuric compound. Seed treatment with Captan or Thiram 4g/kg of seed, followed by seed treatment with  Trichoderma viride   4g/kg.

55. Turnip Yellow Mosaic Virus The  symptoms  of TuMV are mottling in broad, yellow, circular, and irregular areas. The oldest leaves often become bright yellow all over. The lamina often becomes necrotic . Unlike BWYV, veins do not become green, and leaves do not become brittle . Affected plants do not grow properly, root development slows down and the quality deteriorates. The disease is transmitted by flea beetle .

56. Symptoms

57. CONTROL MEASURES: Control  of  Turnip mosaic virus  is difficult. The  virus  has a wide host range, insecticides do not prevent its spread, and there are several strains. Once the plants are infected with  Turnip mosaic virus  and show symptoms there is no way to make them healthy again, so it is important to prevent infection. Remove affected plants, control flea beetle population and remove cabbage plants as they serve as collateral host of mosaic virus. Spray Malathion or Cypermetrin @ 2-3ml/l of water.

58. PESTS FLEA BEETLE : ( Phyllotreta sp.) They transmit Turnip Yellow Mosaic Virus. The larva is very active and feeds on the tender roots of the host plant.

59. Symptoms of damage The adults mostly feed on the leaves by making in-numerable round holes in the host plant. The stem, flower and even pods may also be attacked. Old eaten away leaves dry up, while young leaves rendered unfit for consumption.

60. Management Field sanitation. Deep ploughing. Removal of alternate host. Encouraging activity of predators like Lacewing Larvae And Big Eyed Bug. Spray Malathion or Cypermetrin @ 2-3ml/l of water.

61. MUSTARD SAW FLY: Athalia lugens The mustard saw fly is widely distributed in Indian subcontinent. It feeds on Mustard Rapeseed, Cabbage, Knolkhol,Cauliflower , Turnip etc. They remain hidden during the day time and, when disturbed, fall to the ground and feign death. Damage is done by the larva .

62. Symptoms of damage Grubs alone are destructive. They bite holes into leaves and skeletonize leaves completely . Sometimes, even the epidermis of shoot is eaten up. Older plants, when attacked, don’t bear seed.

63. Management Provide irrigation during seedling stage. Collection and destruction of larva at evening and morning. Field sanitation. Deep ploughing. Use biopesticide like Margosom , Annosom . Spray 1 litre of Malathion 50EC in 150-200 litres of water.

64. APHID: Brevicoryne brassicae It is polyphagous in nature . It commonly occurs in dense colonies on tender parts of the plant.

65. Symptoms of damage Both adults and nymphs suck cell sap from leaf, stem, pod. Due to very high population of pest, the vitality of plants is greatly reduced. Yellowing of the leaves. Crinkling and cupping. Presence of white cast skin at the base of the plant.

66. Management Install yellow sticky trap @12 no/ha to monitor winged adult. Spray neem oil 3 % with 0.5 ml Teepol /lit. Spray any one of the following insecticide: Chemical spray of Azadirachtin 0.03% WSP (300 ppm) @ 5.0 g/lit or Dimethoate 30 % EC @ 6.0 ml/10 lit or Malathion 50 % EC1.5 ml/lit or Phosalone 35 % EC @1.5 ml/lit. or Quinalphos 25 % EC @1.0 ml/lit.

67. DIAMOND BACK MOTH Plutella xylostella Host range: It is a serious pest of cauliflower and cabbage, but also feeds on many other cruciferous crops like turnip

68. Symptoms of damage: Damage is caused by the caterpillars. Young caterpillars cause small yellow mines on leaves. Scrapping of epidermal leaf tissues producing typical whitish patches on leaves. Full-grown larvae bite holes in the leaves and feeds on curd.

69. Management Remove and destroy all debris and stubbles after harvest of crop Grow mustard as trap crop at 25:1 ratio (cabbage: mustard) to attract DBM for oviposition at least 10 days ahead of  planting of main crop. Spray mustard crop with Dichlorvos 76 WSC 0.076% to avoid dispersal of the larvae. Pheromone traps @12/ha. Crop rotation with cucurbits, beans, peas, tomato and melon

70. Submitted by: SHARATH M N Jr. M.Sc ( Hort ) Veg. Sci dept