Two Dimensional Motion and Vectors

1. Two-Dimensional Motion and Vectors Chapter 3 pg. 81-105

2. What do you think? How are measurements such as mass and volume different from measurements such as velocity and acceleration? How can you add two velocities that are in different directions?

3. Introduction to Vectors Scalar - a quantity that has magnitude but no direction Examples: volume, mass, temperature, speed Vector - a quantity that has both magnitude and direction Examples: acceleration, velocity, displacement, force

4. Vector Properties Vectors are generally drawn as arrows. Length represents the magnitude Arrow shows the direction Resultant - the sum of two or more vectors Make sure when adding vectors that You use the same unit Describing similar quantities

5. Finding the Resultant Graphically Method Draw each vector in the proper direction. Establish a scale (i.e. 1 cm = 2 m ) and draw the vector the appropriate length. Draw the resultant from the tip of the first vector to the tail of the last vector. Measure the resultant. The resultant for the addition of a + b is shown to the left as c .

6. Vector Addition Vectors can be moved parallel to themselves without changing the resultant. the red arrow represents the resultant of the two vectors

7. Vector Addition Vectors can be added in any order. The resultant ( d ) is the same in each case Subtraction is simply the addition of the opposite vector.

8. Sample Resultant Calculation A toy car moves with a velocity of .80 m/s across a moving walkway that travels at 1.5 m/s. Find the resultant speed of the car.

9. 3.2 Vector Operations

10. What do you think? What is one disadvantage of adding vectors by the graphical method? Is there an easier way to add vectors?

11. Vector Operations Use a traditional x - y coordinate system as shown below on the right. The Pythagorean theorem and tangent function can be used to add vectors. More accurate and less time-consuming than the graphical method

12. Pythagorean Theorem and Tangent Function

13. Pythagorean Theorem and Tangent Function We can use the inverse of the tangent function to find the angle. θ = tan -1 ( opp/adj ) Another way to look at our triangle d 2 = Δx 2 + Δy 2 d Δy Δx θ

14. Example An archaeologist climbs the great pyramid in Giza. The pyramid height is 136 m and width is 2.30 X 10 2 m . What is the magnitude and direction of displacement of the archaeologist after she climbs from the bottom to the top?

15. Example Given: Δy = 136m width is 2.30 X 10 2 m for whole pyramid So, Δx = 115m Unknown: d = ?? θ = ??

16. Example Calculate: d 2 = Δx 2 + Δy 2 d = √ Δx 2 + Δy 2 d = √ (115) 2 +(136) 2 d = 178m θ = tan -1 ( opp/adj ) θ = tan -1 (136/115) θ = 49.78°

17. Example While following the directions on a treasure map a pirate walks 45m north then turns and walks 7.5m east. What single straight line displacement could the pirate have taken to reach the treasure?

18. Resolving Vectors Into Components

19. Resolving Vectors into Components Component: the horizontal x and vertical y parts that add up to give the actual displacement For the vector shown at right, find the vector components v x (velocity in the x direction) and v y (velocity in the y direction). Assume that the angle is 35.0 ˚ . 35°

20. Example Given: v = 95 km/h θ = 35.0° Unknown v x =?? v y = ?? Rearrange the equations sin θ= opp / hyp opp =(sin θ) ( hyp ) cosθ = adj / hyp adj = ( cosθ )( hyp )

21. Example v y =(sin θ)(v ) v y = (sin35°)(95) v y = 54.49 km/h v x = ( cosθ)(v ) v x = ( cos 35°)(95) v x = 77.82 km/h

22. Example How fast must a truck travel to stay beneath an airplane that is moving 105 km/h at an angle of 25° to the ground?

23. 3.3 Projectile Motion

24. What do you think? Suppose two coins fall off of a table simultaneously. One coin falls straight downward. The other coin slides off the table horizontally and lands several meters from the base of the table. Which coin will strike the floor first? Explain your reasoning. Would your answer change if the second coin was moving so fast that it landed 50 m from the base of the table? Why or why not?

25. Projectile Motion Projectiles: objects that are launched into the air tennis balls, arrows, baseballs, javelin Gravity affects the motion Projectile motion: The curved path that an object follows when thrown, launched or otherwise projected near the surface of the earth

26. Projectile Motion Path is parabolic if air resistance is ignored Path is shortened under the effects of air resistance

27. Components of Projectile Motion As the runner launches herself ( v i ), she is moving in the x and y directions.

28. Projectile Motion Projectile motion is free fall with an initial horizontal speed. Vertical and horizontal motion are independent of each other. Vertically the acceleration is constant (-10 m /s 2 ) We use the 4 acceleration equations Horizontally the velocity is constant We use the constant velocity equations

29. Projectile Motion Components are used to solve for vertical and horizontal quantities. Time is the same for both vertical and horizontal motion. Velocity at the peak is purely horizontal ( v y = 0).

30. Example The Royal Gorge Bridge in Colorado rises 321 m above the Arkansas river. Suppose you kick a rock horizontally off the bridge at 5 m/s . How long would it take to hit the ground and what would it’s final velocity be?

31. Example Given: d = 321m a = 10m/s 2 v i = 5m/s t = ?? v f = ?? REMEMBER we need to figure out : Up and down aka free fall (use our 4 acceleration equations) Horizontal (use our constant velocity equation)

32. Classroom Practice Problem (Horizontal Launch) People in movies often jump from buildings into pools. If a person jumps horizontally by running straight off a rooftop from a height of 30.0 m to a pool that is 5.0 m from the building, with what initial speed must the person jump? Answer: 2.0 m/s

33. Projectiles Launched at an Angle We will make a triangle and use our sin, cos , tan equations to find our answers Vy = V sin θ Vx = V cosθ tan = θ(y/x )

34. Classroom Practice Problem (Projectile Launched at an Angle) A golfer practices driving balls off a cliff and into the water below. The edge of the cliff is 15 m above the water. If the golf ball is launched at 51 m/s at an angle of 15°, how far does the ball travel horizontally before hitting the water? Answer: 1.7 x 10 2 m (170 m )