Two Input NOR gate using diode and transistors

Two Input NOR gate using diode and transistors

1. PHYSICS PROJECT WORK Prepared BY : Dhruv Gupta CLASS : XII-A

2. PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT TWO INPUT NOW-GATE SUBMITTED TO : Mr. PREPARED BY : Dhruv Gupta XII-A Roll no.

3. contents Certificate Acknowledgement Declaration Aim & Introduction to Project Material Required Description of Material Used Circuit Diagram NOR-Gate (about, truth table, …) Basic Gates from NOR Gate Conclusion Bibliography

4. certificate THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT DHRUV GUPTA , A STUDENT OF CLASS XII-A HAS SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED THE PROJECT ENTITLED “TWO-INPUT NOR GATE” UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF MR. DESH DEEPAK TRIPATHI SIR DURING ACEDEMIC YEAR 2018-19 IN PARTIAL FULLFILMENT OF PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT. SIGNATURE OF PHYSICS TEACHER

5. Acknowledgement I would like to express a deep sense of thanks and gratitude to my project guide Mr. Desh Deepak Tripathi sir for guiding me immensely through the course of the project. He always evinced keen interest in my work. Her constructive advice & constant motivation is responsible for the for the successful completion of this project. My sincere thanks to our respected Principal sir for his co-operation and support. I also thanks my parents for their all time motivation and support. I must thanks my classmates for their timely help. Last but not the least, thanks to all those who directly or indirectly contributed to this project.

6. declaration I hereby declare that the project work entitled “Two-Input NOR Gate”, submitted to Mr. Desh Deepak Tripathi sir (PGT Physics), K.V. IFFCO AONLA is prepared by me. All the content is the result of my personal efforts. Dhruv Gupta Class : XII-A

7. AIM & INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT AIM : To design the circuit of NOR gate using diodes, switches, transistors, LED, battery, etc. Introduction (procedure) : This project entitled “Two-Input NOR gate” is designed using basic equipments which are connected accordingly. The gate takes two input through different switches and gives a single output. The different carbon resistors are used to control the resistance in the circuit. The circuit is made by connecting a 9V battery and then the input switches that allow the input in the circuit. Then the transistor used amplifies the electronic signals. The components of the circuit are connected as required and then only the circuit gives a positive output.

8. Material required Wires LED Switches Battery

9. Diode Transistor Carbon Resistor

10. description of materials used Electric Wires : It’s a single, flexible stand of metal that is used in the circuit for forming a working circuit as mentioned in this project. Carbon Resistors : It’s a passive-two terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, among other uses. Switches : It’s an electrical component that can “make” or “break” an electrical circuit, interrupting the current or diverting it from one conductor to other. It is basically used to start and stop the flow of current in a circuit on our own wish .

11. Transistors : It’s a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. It’s composed of semiconductor material. The Transistors are the fundamental building block of same modern electronic devices, and is obiquitous in modern electronic system. LED : It is a Light-Emitting Diode that has to be lighten up when the circuit is in working mode. So, efficient current should be supplied for lightening up of LED. Battery : It converts chemical energy directly to electrical energy. It’s a source of energy which provides a push - a voltage - of energy to get the current flowing in a circuit. It’s an essential component of any circuit. Diodes : Semiconductor device with 2 terminals typically allowing the flow of current in one direction only .

12. Circuit diagram

13. nor - gate The Nor-Gate is a digital logic gate that implements logic NOR - it behaves according to the truth table given below. It may have 2 or more input but only one output. Truth – Table A high output [1] results if both the inputs to the gate are low [0]. If one or both input is high [1], a low output [0] results. INPUT A INPUT B OUTPUT (A)NOR(B) 1 1 1 1 1

14. About NOR Gate :- It’s the negative of the or operator. It’s a functionally complete operator. The NOR gate can be combined to generate other logic gates. Symbols:- or Expression:- Y =

15. Alternative for NOR gate :- If no specific NOR gates are available, one can be made from NAND gates, because NAND and NOR gates are considered as universal gates i.e., they can be used to make all other gates. NAND gate construction:-

16. Basic gates from nor gate 1. NOR gate by NOR gate:- By using one NOR gate we can obtain the function of NOR gate by combining both inputs as a single input. Truth Table:- 2. OR gate by NOR gate:- By using a 2 NOR gates we can obtain the function of OR gate. A X 1 1

17. Truth Table of OR gate:- 3. AND gate from gate:- By using 3 NOR gates we can obtain the function of AND gate . Truth Table:- A B R X 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 A B !A !B Q 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

18. Conclusion The 2 input NOR gate produces output as follows:- If one of the two input is high[1] then a low output[0] is produced i.e., LED will not glow. If both the inputs are low[0] then the output produced is high[1] i.e., LED will glow.

19. Bibliography Sources:- https:// www.google.com/ https://en.Wikipedia.org / NCERT Physics Book https://www.bing.com/