Tyoes of Flooring

• Mud Flooring
•Muram Flooring
• Brick Flooring
• Flagstone Flooring
• Tiled Flooring
• Terrazzo flooring
• Chequered tile flooring
• Glazed tile flooring
• PVC tile flooring
• Cement Concrete Flooring
• Terrazo Flooring
• Mosaic Flooring
• Marble Flooring
• Timber Flooring
• Other Flooring Materials

1. TYPES OF FLOORING
Material & Techniques
S U B M I T T E D BY
GEETIKA SINGLA

2. Content Page
•MudFlooring
•MuramFlooring
•BrickFlooring
•FlagstoneFlooring
•TiledFlooring
•Terrazzoflooring
•Chequeredtileflooring
•Glazedtileflooring
•PVCtileflooring
•Cement Concrete Flooring
•TerrazoFlooring
•Mosaic Flooring
•Marble Flooring
•Timber Flooring
•Other Flooring Materials

3. MUD FLOORING

4. ➢SelectionofMaterials:
Goodqualitycementandmudisselected.Mudusedfortheflooringmustbecleanand
shouldpossessenoughtensileandshearstrength.
Mudshouldbefinegrainedanddevoidofgravelsorevencoarsesand.Themudiskept
soakedinthewaterforaboutaweekbeforelayingthefloor.
➢PreparationoftheBed:
Sprinklewateroverthefloor.Thus,thebedispreparedbywettingthefloor.
Ahardcorestoneorrubblelayerislaiddownfora15to25centimetrethicknesswhen
thebedispreparedforthefirsttime.Then,thefloorisrammedsufficientlysoasto
obtainaconsolidatedthicknessofabout150millimetres.
Thisimpartsflooringthestrengthtopreventdampnessandrodentsfrommakingholes.
Italsopreventsundergroundsettlementandthusavoidstheflooringfromgetting
deteriorated.
➢StabilisingtheMaterials:
Thecharacteristicsofmudareenhancedbytheadditionofstabilisers.
StabilisedCompressedInterlockingEarthBlock(SCEB)-Letustakeanexampleof
cement.About5%ofcementisaddedtothelocalmud.Thencompressionisdoneand
thefinalproductachieveswaterresistanceandevenstructuralstrengthtoo.
MUD FLOORINGLaying Process

5. ➢MixingofMaterials:
Inthemud,thechoppedandsiftedstrawisadded.Waterisalsoaddedtoitandmixed
itwellsothataconsistentmixisobtained.
Strawspreventthesurfacefromformingcracksupondrying.
➢LayingofTheMudPaste
Thepasteofmudandothermaterialsmixedbeforeislaidonthepreparedbedina10
inchor25centimetrethicklayer.
Themudfloorshouldbelaidinasingleunjointedlayer.Ifjointsorpanelsareallowed
toform,themudfloordeteriorates,unlikeconcrete.
➢CompactionoftheSurface:
Afterlayingthemudpasteonthepreparedbed,compactionisdonetoobtaina
levelledsurface.
Tocompactthesurface,itisrammedthoroughlywithoutusinganywater.Wooden
toolsareusedtoramthesurface.
Compactionisdonetoathicknessof6inchesor15centimetres.
Whiletemping,itisnotedthatthemarksoftheinstrumentaretoberemoved.The
surfaceistriedtomakeeven.Ifanindentationisfoundinthefloorwhiletamping,the
surfaceisfilledwiththemudmixturewhilefromtheliftedpart,themixtureis
removed.
MUD FLOORINGLaying Process

6. ➢FinishingoftheSurface:
Thisisanoptionalstep.Sometimes,afinishinglayercalledcowdungwashisalso
appliedtothetopofthelaidfloor.
Forthis,cowdungandclayaremixedintoathinpasteandappliedtothecompacted
floorinathinlayer.
Someparticulartypeofpatternsortexturescanalsobeformedonthesurfacewhile
finishing.
➢CuringoftheSurface:
Thefloorshouldnotbeallowedtodryrapidly.Hence,waterissprinkledatregularand
frequentintervalstokeepthemoistureuniformlydistributedoverthethicknessofthe
layer.
Ifthecuringstepismissedout,thenthefloortendstodevelopcracks.
Cracks in Mud Flooring Upon Drying if NOT Properly Cured Finishing of Mud Flooring
MUD FLOORINGLaying Process

7. Merits:
i.Itiseasytoconstruct
ii.Itsmaterialsareavailableeasilyinthenearbyplace
iii.Itischeaperthanmostofthepresentflooringtechniquesprevalent
iv.Itisavailablelocally;avoidingthetransportationcost
v.Itsconstructionissimple
vi.Itsmaintenanceiseasyandcheap
vii.Itishardandquiteimpervious
viii.Itisanaturaltypeofflooringandisthuseco-friendly
ix.Itisgoodforhealth:PVCemitsvolatiles;vitrifiedtilesareconsideredtocause
stressonjointsresultinginpaininjointsandstuckknees.
x.ItsfireresistancecoefficientismorethanPVCflooring
xi.Itsconstructiondoesnotrequireskilledlabours
xii.Itreducingcarbonfootprints
xiii.Itgivesbacksomeamountofnaturetonaturewhiledustingineverydaylife
MUD FLOORINGMerits

8. Demerits MUD FLOORING
Demerits:
i.Itislessdurableascomparedtoothertypesofflooring
ii.Itneedstobeappliedcoatinginaweekortwo
iii.ItssmoothnessismuchlessascomparedtoPVCorceramictileflooring
iv.Itsmoistureresistanceismuchlow.Asitislessresistanttomoisture,bacteriamay
breedovertheflooringsurfaceandmayposehygieneproblems
v.Itshowsdentsonthesurfaceifloadedaboveacertainlimit.Thus,itsloading
capacityisless
vi.Itsporosityishigh
vii.Itisnotresistanttostains
viii.Itgetsweatheredbyevensimpleactivitieslikemovingfurniturefromoneplaceto
another

9. Anydisintegratedrockiscalledmuram.MuramfloorsareconstructedinvillagesinIndiaandhavethe
sameadvantagesasthatofmud-floors.Unlikemudfloors,theyareconstructedwithgreatcare.
Introduction MURAM FLOORING

10. ➢Uponthepreparedsub-gradea15cm.thicklayerofmuramislaid.
➢A25mm.thicklayerofpowdermuramisspreadoverthealreadylaidmuramlayerand
waterissprinkledovertheentiresurface.
➢Thesurfaceisthenrammedwell.
➢Afterrammingthesurfaceissaturatedwithwater,sothatathinlayerisformedonthe
topoftherammedsurface.
➢Thenthesurfaceistrampledwelltillthecreamofmuramrisestothetop.
➢Thesurfaceisleftinthisstateforaboutadayandthenitisrammedagainwithwooden
rammerscalledthapiesforaboutthreedays.
➢Thedryhardsurfacethusformedisthensmearedwithathickcoatofcowdungand
rammedonceagainfortwodaysinthemorning.
➢Finallythesurfaceisfinishedwithacementcow-dungplaster1:4(1cement:4cow
dung).
➢Tomaintaintheflooringoodcondition,itisgivenawashofcementcow-dungplaster
onceaweekandthesurfaceiswipedcleanimmediately.
Laying Process MURAM FLOORING

11. The merits and demerits of mud or muramflooring may be summarized below :
i.Merits:
i.It is cheap.
ii.It has smooth, hard and fairly impervious surface.
iii.It is easy in construction.
iv.It has sufficiently long life if properly maintained.
v.It maintains comfortable temperature in all seasons.
Demerits:
For perfect maintenance of the surface it has to be given cement cow-dung wash
once or twice a week. This may be objectionable from sanitary consideration.
Merits & Demerits MURAM FLOORING

12. Thistypeofflooringiscommonlyprovidedinwarehouses,storesandgodownsorinplaces
whereheavyarticlesarestored.Theflooringmaybedonewithbricklaidflatoronedge
arrangedinherringbonefashionorsetatrightangletothewalls.
Introduction BRICK FLOORING

13. ➢Theearthfillingunderflooriswellcompactedfirstandthereafter10to15cm.thick
layerofcementorlimeconcreteislaidovertheentireareaoffloor.Thislayeris
knownassubgrade.
➢Thefloorislaiddirectlyoverthesubgrade.Thesloperequiredtobegiventothe
floortotakecareoffloorwashingetc.isprovidedinsubgradeitself.
➢Priortouse,thebricksshouldbeproperlysoakedandwettedinwater.Thebricks
arelaidonedgeon12mm.thickmortarbedinsuchamannerthatallthejointsare
fullofmortar.
➢Wherethefloorhastobeplasteredorpainted,allthefacejointsshouldberakedto
adepthofabout15mm.duringtheprogressofwork(whenthemortarisgreen).
➢Thisisnecessarytoensureadequatebondbetweentheflooringandthemortarof
pointingorplastering.
➢Incase,however,pointingorplasteringisnotneeded,thejointsneednotberaked
andinsteadrenderedflushandfinishedduringlayingofbricks.
➢Theflooringshouldbecuredforaminimumperiodofsevendaysbeforeuse.
Laying Process BRICK FLOORING

14. Merits:
i.It is durable and sufficiently hard.
ii.It is cheaper than cement concrete, wooden or mosaic flooring.
iii.It is non-slippery.
iv.It is easily repairable.
Demerits:
i.It is absorbent.
Merits & Demerits BRICK FLOORING

15. Any lamIniscatedsandstone available in uniform thickness is called flag stone..
Introduction FLAGSTONE FLOORING

16. ➢The stone slab for flooring may be square or rectangular with width not less than 38
cm. and thickness varying from 20 to 40 mm.
➢The sub-grade is prepared by laying a 10 to 15 cm. thick layer of lime concrete over
a bed of well consolidated earth.
➢On this sub-grade well wetted flag stones are laid on 20 to 25 mm. thick layer of bed
mortar.
➢When the stone slabs are properly set, mortar in the joints is raked out to a depth of
about 20 mm. and flush pointed
with cement mortar (1:3).
➢A slope of 1 to 40 is necessary to be
given in flag stone flooring for
proper drainage
Laying Process FLAGSTONE FLOORING

17. Merits:
i.Itishard,durableandresistanttowearandtearandassuchisusedin
workshops,garagesandgodowns.
ii.Itiseasilyrepairable.
iii.Itiseasyinconstruction.
iv.Instonedistricts,itcanbeusedwitheconomy.
Demerits:
i.Itdoesnotgiveapleasingappearanceandhenceitisnotsuitabletobeprovided
inplaceslikeresidentialbuildingorimportantpublicbuildings.
ii.Itsusageisnotcomfortable.
Merits & Demerits FLAGSTONE FLOORING

18. Depending upon the type of material used tiled flooring can be broadly divided into
the following categories.
(1)Terrazzo flooring
(2)Chequeredtile flooring
(3)Glazed tile flooring
(4)PVC tile flooring
TILED FLOORINGIntroduction

19. (i) TERRAZZO FLOORINGIntroduction
Terrazotiles manufactured under hydraulic pressure are available in following three
standard sizes.
200 x 200 x 20 mm. 250 x 250 x 22 mm. 300 x 300 x 25 mm.
Thetotalthicknessofthetilecomprisesoftwolayersi.e.,theupperlayerandthe
backing.Thethicknessoftheupperlayer(alsoknownaswearinglayer)variesfrom5
mm.to6mm,anditconsistsofmixofcement,marblechipaggregatesandpigment(if
required)takeninsuitableproportions.Thebackingofthetileconsistsofleanermixof
cementandaggregatesusuallytakeninproportionof1:3.

20. ➢Thetilesarelaidoverreasonablyhardsub-gradewhichmaybeofconcreteor
R.C.C.slab.
➢Priortolayingtiles,a30mm.thicklayeroflimemortar1:3(1lime3surkhior
coarsesand)isspreadoverthesub-gradetoserveasbedding.
➢Thebeddingmortarisallowedtohardenforaday.
➢Immediatelybeforelaying,neatcementslurryisspreadoverthebeddingmortar
andthetilesarethenfixedovertheslurrygrout.
➢Eachtileisgentlytappedwithawoodenmallettillitisproperlybeddedand
levelled.
➢Thejointsinthetileflooringshouldnotexceed15mm.inthickness.
➢Nextdayallthejointsintheflooringarecleanedofloosemortar,dustetc.tothe
depthofabout5mm.byuseofwirebrush.
➢Thejointsarethereaftergroutedwithcementslurryofthesameshadeasthatof
tilesandthesameslurryisappliedovertheflooringintheformofthincost.
Laying Process (i) TERRAZZO FLOORING

21. ➢Theflooringiscuredfor7daysandthereafterthesurfaceofthetilesisground
withgrindingmachinefittedwithgrindingstone.
➢Aftergrinding,thesurfaceiswashedandagaincoveredwithathincoatofcement
andcuredsecondtime.
➢Aftercuring,thesurfaceisgroundsecondtimebyusinggrindingstoneNo.120.
➢Dayafterthesecondgrindingtheentiresurfaceisfinallygroundusinggrinding
stoneNo.320.
➢Thegrindingofsurfaceisalsotermedaspolishing.
➢Finallythesurfaceofflooringisrenderedcleanbyusingoxalicacidwater.
Laying Process (i) TERRAZZO FLOORING

22. Chequeredtiles are available in the following standard sizes.
(i) 200 x 200 x 22 mm. (ii) 250 x 250 x 22 mm. (iii) 300 x 300 x 22 mm.
The method of laying tile is identical to that of terrazzo tile flooring except that the
polishing of the tile has to be done by hand.
(ii) CHEQUERED TILE FLOORING Introduction & Laying Process

23. Glazed tiles are available in the following standard sizes:
(i) 100 x 100 x 5 or 6 mm. (ii) 150 x 150 x 5 or 6 mm.
The tiles have only top surface glazed.
(iii) GLAZED TILE FLOORING Introduction

24. C
➢Thetilesarelaidoverareasonablyhardsub-gradewhichmaybeofconcreteor
R.C.C.slab.
➢Priortolaying,a10mm.thicklayerofcementmortar1:3isspreadoverthesub-
gradetoserveasbedding.
➢Themortarisallowedtohardensothatitmaypermitthemason,toworkoverthe
surfacewithoutdamagetobeddingmortar.
➢Immediatelybeforelayingtiles,neatcementslurryisspreadoverthebedding
mortarandthetilesarethenfixedovertheslurrygrout.
➢Eachtileisgentlytappedwithawoodenmallettillitisproperlybeddedandlevelled.
➢Thejointsinthetilesshouldbeasthinaspossibleandshouldbeinstraightlines.
➢Afterlaying,thejointsarecleanedoffalldirtandmortartoadepthof2to3mm.
withthehelpofwirebrushortrowelandthenflushpointedwithwhiteorcolored
cementtosuitthecolourofthetiles.
➢Theflooringiscuredforsevendays.andthereafterwashedbeforeuse.
(iii) GLAZED TILE FLOORING Laying Process

25. C
P.V.C.tilesarenowmanufacturedinvarietyofshadesanddesignandarebeingcommonlyusedin
residentialaswellasnon-residentialbuildings.Itgivesadecorativefloorfinishwhichisresilient,
smoothandcanbecleanedeasily.
(iv) PVC TILE FLOORING Introduction

26. C
➢Itcanbelaidoverapreparedbasewhichcanbeofconcrete,timberetc..
➢Priortolayingthetiles,itisnecessarytoseethatthebaseisperfectlydryand
broughttothetemperatureatwhichitwillbewhileinuse.
➢ThelayoutoftheP.V.C.tiles(totherequireddesign/pattern)ismarkedonthe
basewiththehelpofguidelines.
➢Adhesiveofspecifiedmakeisthereafterappliedonthebaseandthebackofthe
P.V.C.tileswiththehelpofanotchedtrowel.
➢Layingoftilecommencewhentheadhesivehassetsufficiently(saywithinhalf
anhour).
➢Afterlaying,thetilesarepressedsuitablywithwoodenrollers(weighting5kg.)
toensureintimatecontactwiththebase.
➢Extraadhesivethatoozesoutiswipedoffandtheflooringisfinallycleanedwith
warmsoapwaterbeforeuse.
(iv) PVC TILE FLOORING Laying Process

27. C
Merits:
i.It is non-absorbent.
ii.It is easily repairable in patches.
iii.It offers pleasant appearance.
iv.It is durable.
v.It permits quick laying of floor.
vi.It is resistant to wear and has fairly good strength.
Demerits:
i.This type of construction is very costly both in initial cost aswellas in maintenance.
ii.Terrazotile and glazed tile flooring becomes slippery whenwet.
iii.PVC tile flooring gets damaged when in contact with burningobjectslike paper,
match stick etc.
Merits & Demerits TILED FLOORING

28. C
This type of flooring is commonly used both in residential as well as public buildings.
CEMENT CONCRETE FLOORINGIntroduction

29. C
Themethodoflayingcementconcreteflooringongroundfloorofabuildingcanbe
broadlydividedinthefollowingsteps.
➢Preparationofsub-base.Theearthfillinginplinthisconsolidatedthoroughlysoas
toensurethatnoloosepocketsareleftinthewholearea.A10to15cm.thicklayer
ofcleancoarsesandisthenspreadoverthewholearea.Thesandlayera
consolidatedanddressedtotherequiredlevelandslope.
➢Layingofbaseconcrete.Thebaseconcreteusedunderfloorsmaybecement
concreteorlimeconcretelaidtoathicknessvaryingfrom7-5to10cm.Incaseof
cementconcrete,themixcommonlyusedis1:5:10(1cement:5sand:10stoneor
overburntbrickaggregates40mm.nominalsize).Limeconcrete,ifused,shouldbe
madeupoutof40mm.nominalsizestone/overburntbrickaggregateand40%
mortarcomprisingof1lime2sand/surkhior1lime1surkhi/ash:1sand.
➢Thebaseconcretelayerisdepositedoverthoroughlytampedandlevelledtoa
roughsurface.
CEMENT CONCRETE FLOORINGLaying Process

30. C
CEMENT CONCRETE FLOORINGLaying Process
Layingthetopping
➢Whenthebaseconcretelayerhasfullysetandhardened,itssurfaceisthoroughly
cleanedandtheentireareaisdividedintorectangularorsquarepanelsbyuseof4
mm.thickglassstripsor5mm.thickplainasbestosstrips.
➢Thesizeofpanelisbasicallygovernedbythelocationoffloor(exposedorindoor),
temperatureandotherclimaticconditions,thicknessoftoppingandproportionsof
ingredientsinconcretemix.etc.Ingeneral,theareaofonesuchpanelshouldnot
preferablybemorethan2sq.m.
➢Thesurfaceofbaseconcreteshouldbemadedampandappliedwithacoatofneat
cementslurrypriortolayingthetopping.,Theroughfinishedsurfaceofbase
concretecoatedwithcementslurryensuresadequatebondbetweenthebaseand
thetopping.
➢Thecementconcretetopping,normallyconsistingof1:2:4(1cement:2sand:4
stoneaggregate)isthenlaidinrequiredthicknessinoneoperationinthepanels.
Theconcreteisspreadevenlybyusingastraightedgeandthesurfaceisthoroughly
tampedandfloatedwithwoodenfloatestillthecreamofthemortarcomesattop.
Thesurfaceisthensmoothenedandfinallyfinishedbymeansofsteeltrowels.

31. C
CEMENT CONCRETE FLOORINGLaying Process
➢Incaseglassorplainasbestosstripsarenotrequired,thepanelsareformedbyuse
ofwoodenorangleironbattens.Thebattensshouldhavedepthequivalenttothat
ofconcretetopping.
➢Thesurfaceofthebattenswhichistocomeincontactwithconcrete,iscoatedwith
rawlinseedoilbeforeconcreting.Concreteforthetoppingisthenlaidinalternate
panelsandfinishedasdescribedabove.Thebattensusedforformingpanelsare
removednextdayandthetoppingconcretelaidinthealternatepanels.
➢IncasethecementconcreteflooringistobelaidoverR.C.C.slab,itisusualtoallow
theslabconcretetohardenandthenlaytheflooring.Priortolaying,theslabtopis
cleanedofalldirt,duslooseparticles,mortardroppingsanddebrisetc.andthe
flooringlaidasdescribedunderthesub-head'layingoftopping'above.
➢Inordertopreventthetendencyofseparationofthecementconcreteflooringfrom
theR.C.C.slab,a20mm.thickcushioninglayeroflimemortar(1lime:2sand/surkhi
or/lime:1surkhi/sand)or50to75mm.thicklimeconcreteissometimesprovided
betweentheR.C.C.slabandthecementconcreteflooring.

32. CEMENT CONCRETE FLOORING

33. C
CEMENT CONCRETE FLOORINGMerits & Demerits
Merits:
➢Itisnon-absorbentandthusitisveryusefulforwaterstores.
➢Itisdurableandhenceitiscommonlyusedinkitchens,bathrooms,schools,
hospitals,drawingroomsetc.
➢Itissmoothandpleasinginappearance.
➢Itiseconomicalandhastheadvantagesofcostliertypesoffloors.
➢Itpossessesgoodwearingpropertiesandcanbeeasilymaintainedclean.
Demerits:
➢Defectsincarelesslymadefloorcannotberectified,such,itrequiresproper
attentionwhilelaying.
➢Itcannotbesatisfactorilyrepairedbypatchwork.

34. TERRAZO FLOORING

35. C
Onaccountofitsdecorativeandgoodwearingproperties,thistypeofflooringisbecomingvery
popularthesedaysandisbeingcommonlyprovidedinoffices,schools,hospitals,residential
buildings,banksetc.Terrazzoisaconcretesurfacewithspecialaggregateofmarblechips(orother
decorativematerial)mixedwithwhiteand/orcolouredcementinproportionof3:1(threemarble
chips:onecement)Theaggregatesareexposedbygrindingthesurfacemechanicallyormanually.
Theflooringmaybelaidindifferentthicknesses.
TERRAZO FLOORINGIntroduction

36. C
TERRAZO FLOORING
Theconstructionof40mm.thickflooringisdescribedbelow.
➢Theoperationsofthepreparationofsub-baseandlayingofbaseconcreteare
carriedoutinsimilarmannerasdescribedearlierincaseofcementconcrete
flooring.
➢The40mm.thickflooringwillconsistofa6mm.thicklayerofterrazzotoppingand
34mm.thickunderlayerofcementconcrete1:2:4.
➢Priortolayingflooring,thewholeareaisdividedintosuitablepanelsbyuseof
dividingstrips(madefromcopper,brass,aluminiumorglass)ofthicknessnotless
than1.5mm.andwidthnotlessthan25mm.Inordertoreducetheriskofcracking,
theareaofonepanelshouldnotexceedtwosquaremetre.
➢Thesurfaceofbaseconcreteshouldbecleanedofalldirt,mortardroppingdebris
etc.andthenwettedwithwater.Priortolayingthecementconcreteunderlayer,
thewetsurfaceofbaseconcreteissmearedwithacoatofneatcementslurryto
ensureproperbondbetweenthebaseconcreteandflooring.
Laying Process

37. C
TERRAZO FLOORINGLaying Process
➢Theconcreteunderlayeristhenspread,consolidated,levelled,andfinishedtoa
slightlyroughsurface.Whentheunderlayerhashardenedsufficiently,already
preparedplasticterrazzomixtureislaidoverthetreatedunder-layerofconcrete
andcompactedthoroughlybytampingorrolling.
➢Theterrazzomixtureconsistsofonepartofcement(whiteorcoloured)oramixture
ofthetwomixedwithtwotothreepartsofmarblechipswithwaterjustsufficient
tomakeitaworkablemix.
➢Duringtampingorrolling,itshouldbeensuredthatatleast80%ofthefinished
surfaceshouldshowexposedmarblechipaggregatesandnecessaryadditional
marblechipsmaybeaddedduringtheprocessoftampingorrollingtosatisfythis
condition.
➢Aftertampingorrolling,thesurfaceisfloatedandtroweledandlefttodryoutfor
12to18hours.Afterthisperiodthesurfaceiscuredunderstandingwaterfor2
days.

38. C
TERRAZO FLOORING
➢Thereaftersurfaceissubjecttofirstgrindingbymachinebyuseofcarborundum
stonesofcoarsegrade(No.60).Thewholesurfaceisthenscrabbedusingplentyof
water.
➢Allporesandholes(ifany)arethenfilledwithcementgrout(usingthesame
colouredcementasintheoriginalmixforterrazzotopping)andthesurfacecoated
withneatcementgroutofcreamlikeconsistency.
➢Thesurfaceisagaincuredforfivetosevendaysandsecondgrindingiscarriedout
bymachinebyusingcarborundumstonesoffinegrade(No.120).
➢Inthesimilarmanner,thesurfaceiscleanedandrepairedasbeforeandcuredagain
foraperiodof4to5daysandsubjectedtothirdgrindingbymachinebyusing
carborundumstonesof320gritsize.
➢Thefinishedsurfaceisfinallyworkedwithdiluteoxalicacidsolution.Theflooris
finallypolishedbyfloorpolishingmachinefittedwithfeltorhessianbobs,tillit
shines.
Laying Process

39. TERRAZO FLOORING

40. MOSAIC FLOORINGIntroduction
C

41. C
MOSAIC FLOORING
➢Overthehardbaseconcretebed,a5cm.to6cm.thicklayeroflimesurkhimortar
isspreadinasmallarea.
➢Theareatakenissuchthattheflooringcanbeeasilycompletedinthatportion
withoutthemortargettingdry.
➢Onthisalayerofpasteconsistingoftwopartsofsiftedslakedlime,onepartof
powderedmarbleandonepartofpuzzolanaislaidinthicknessnotexceeding3
mm.
➢Thissurfaceislefttogetdryforfourhours.Tilesormarblepieces,cuttothedesired
shapes,arethenhammeredonthissurfaceinthedesiredpattern.
➢Thesurfaceisgentlyrolledbylightstonerollerabout30cm.indiameterand45to
60cminlength.Rollingisdonetillthetileormarblepiecesformanevensurface
andarecementedtogetherproperly.
➢Thesurfaceisallowedtodryforadayandthenpolishedbyrubbingitwithpumice
stonefittedwithlongwoodenhandle.Thepolishedsurfaceisfinallyallowedtodry
forsomeweeksbeforeuse.
Laying Process

42. MARBLE FLOORING
C
Marbleflooringiscommonlyprovidedinplacesofworship(temples,churches,mosques,
gurudwarasetc.)andinpublicbuildingshavingrichspecifications.Inviewofhighcostofmaterial,
useofmarbleflooringinresidentialbuildingsinnormallyrestrictedtoareaslikekitchen,bathroom,
entranceetc.Thesizeofmarbleslabstobeusedinflooringdependsuponthepatterntobe
adopted.Theslabsfornormalworksaresquareorrectangularinshapeandtheirthicknessvaries
from20mmto40mm.
Introduction

43. C
➢Theflooringislaidonpreparedsub-gradeofconcreteorontheR.C.C.floorslab.
Priortolayingflooring,thesub-gradeincleaned,wettedandmoppedproperly.A
layerofbeddingmortarwhichcanbe1:4cementmortar(1cement:4coarsesand)
orlimemortar(1limeputty:1surkhi:1coarsesand)isspreadinaveragethickness
ofabout20mm.undertheareaofeachslab.
➢Themarbleslabislaidontopofthebeddingmortar,pressedandtappedwith
woodenmalletandbroughttothelevelwiththealreadylaidadjoiningslabs.The
slabisthereafterliftedupandplacedaside.
➢Thetopsurfaceofthebeddingmortaristhencorrectedbyaddingmortarat
hollows.Afterthebeddingmortarishardenedslightly,cementslurryisspreadover
thesame.attherateof4.4kgofcementpersqm.
➢Theedgesoftheslabalreadylaidarethensmearedwithcementslurryofthesame
shadeasthatofthemarbleslabandtheslabtobepavedisagainplacedinposition
andtappedwithwoodenmallettillitisproperlybeddedinlevelwiththeadjoining
slabs.Thejointbetweentwoslabshastobeveryfine(paperthick).Thecement
thatoozesoutofthejointiscleaned.Remainingslabsarealsolaidinthesame
mannerandtheflooringworkcompleted.Thepavedareaiscuredforaminimum
periodofsevendays.
MARBLE FLOORINGLaying Process

44. MARBLE FLOORING

45. TIMBER FLOORINGIntroduction
C
Inhillyareas,wheretheclimateisdampandwoodiseasilyavailable,woodenfloorsprove
economicalandassucharecommonlyused.Itsuseisnotextensiveinotherplaces.However,they
areusedfordancinghalls,carpentryhalls,auditoriumsetc.Inthistypeoffloor,preventionof
dampnessisofgreatimportanceandhenceeveryprecautionistakentocheckthedampnessfrom
risingabove.

46. C
TIMBER FLOORINGLaying Process
➢Theentireareaofgroundbelowtheflooriscoveredwitha15cm.layerofcement
concrete.Thislayeriscalled"siteoroversiteconcrete".
➢Timberfloorsessentiallyconsistofboardingsupportedontimberjoistscalled
bridgingjoistsorfloorjoistswhicharenailedtowallplatesattheirendsand
supportedbyintermediatewallscalledsleeperordwarfwalls,alongtheirlength.
➢Thesleeperwallsaregenerally10cm.thickandarehoney-combed.Theyare
intendedtoreducethespanforthefloorjoists.Thesleeperwallsareseldom
spacedmorethan18m.apartandarehoney-combedtoenablefreecirculationof
airinthespacebelowthefloor.
➢Longitudinaltimbermemberscalled'sleeperplates'arefixedonthetopofsleeper
walls.Thefloorjoistsaresecuredtothesleeperwallsbybeingnailedtothesleeper
wallplates.
➢Adamp-proofcourselayerislaidimmediatelybelowthewallplatestopreventthe
risingofdampness.Thehollowspacebetweentheflooringandtheoversite
concreteiskeptdryandfullyventilated.

47. TIMBER FLOORING

48. C
The selection of flooring material is done based on the following factors:
➢Initial cost
➢Durability
➢Hardness
➢Smoothness
➢Cleanliness
➢Appearance
➢Sound insulation
➢Thermal insulation
➢Damp proof
➢Fire resistance
➢Maintenance
FACTORS AFFECTING SELECTION OF FLOORING MATERIAL

49. Glass Flooring
Glassisusedasflooringmaterialforspecialconditionsliketotransmitlightfromupperfloortolowerflooretc.Theyare
availableintileswhicharefixedincloselyspacedframes.Eventhoughitisverycostlyitprovidesbeautifulappearance.
OTHER FLOORING MATERIALS

50. Ceramic Flooring
Ceramictilesarefamousfloorcoveringmaterials.Ceramicisinorganicmaterialanditpossess
propertieslikegoodcompressiveresistance,brittlenessandhardnessetc..
OTHER FLOORING MATERIALS

51. Plastic Flooring Tiles
Plastictilesorpolyvinylchloride(PVC)tilesarewidelyusednowadayswhicharelaidonconcretebase.
Thesetilesareavailableindifferentshapes,sizesandcolors.Plastictilesareofslipperynatureandcanget
easilydamagedbyfire.
OTHER FLOORING MATERIALS

52. Cork Flooring
Corkisobtainedfromthecorkoaktree.Itisusedasflooringmaterialintheformofcarpets.Thesecarpetsare
noiselessandarerequiredmainlyinlibraries,theatersetc.Corktilesarealsoavailablewhicharemadefromhigh
gradedcorkbarusingcompressioninmoldings.
OTHER FLOORING MATERIALS

53. Linoleum Flooring
Linoleumistheproductobtainedbyoxidizinglinseedoilingum,resins,pigments,corkdustetc.
Itisavailableinsheetswhichisgenerallyusedascoveringforconcreteorwoodenflooring.The
sheetsmaybeplainordesignprinted.
OTHER FLOORING MATERIALS

54. Asphalt Flooring
Asphaltishighlyviscousliquidformofpetroleum.Asphaltisusedasflooringmaterialindifferentways.
Ifasphaltandsandaremixedin1:2proportionthenitiscalledasphaltmasticwhichispouredon
concretebaseasflooringcover.Ifsandisreplacedbymarblechipsthenitiscalledasasphaltmosaic.
Asphalttilesarealsoavailablewhicharepreparedfromtheasphaltfibers,inertmaterialsandmineral
pigments.
OTHER FLOORING MATERIALS

55. Rubber Flooring Tiles
Rubbertilesorsheetsarealsoavailableinmarketforflooringpurposes.They
aremadefrompurerubberwhichismixedwithcottonfibers,asbestosfiber.
Suitableadhesivesareusedtofixtherubbertileswithconcreteorwooden
base.Rubberflooringisnoiselessandprovidedinlibraries,officesetc.
OTHER FLOORING MATERIALS

56. C
Thank You!