Type of pests

Different types of pest affecting the crops

1. Type of Pests
(Insects, Non-insect Pests)
NIRBHAY SUDHIR PIMPLE
DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY
ABSAHEB GARWARE COLLEE
KARVE ROAD.PUNE -4.

2. Type of Pests (Insects, Non-insect Pests)
Introduction
Apestisanorganismwhichisdetrimentaltohumans
orhumaninterest.Livingorganismsarederidedas
pestsastheycausedamagetoagriculturebyfeeding
oncropsorparasitizinglivestockoractingascarrierof
diseasesofmanandlivestock.Theterm"plantpest"
isanyspeciesorstrainofplant,animal,orpathogenic
agentinjurioustoplantsorplantproducts.Themost
importantpestsintheorderofimportanceare
constitutedbyinsectsandnon-insectpestslikemites,
nematodesandgastropods(snailsandslugs).
Althoughrodents,birdsandmammals,whichare
inimicaltowelfareofmanarealsocalledpests.
Bollworm damage in cotton
Cabbage butterfly larvae
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3. Insects as pests
Insectsarethemostdiverseanddominantpests
amonganimals.Theydamagecropsrightfrom
germinationtoharvestinfieldandalsoin
godownsduringpost-harveststorage.Noplant
partisvirtuallysparedbyinsectpests.Different
insectscanutilizedifferentplantpartsdueto
specializedmouthparts.Inthisway,theyhave
reducedcompetitionamongthemselves.Pests
liketermitesfeedonundergroundplantspartsas
wellcropresiduesandalsodamagetimber,
furniture,booksandothercommodities.
Planthopper damage in rice
Cabbage butterfly damage
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4. Types of insect pests
Based on feeding habits insects can be
categorized as
Tissue consumers
Sap suckers
Tissue consumers include pest affecting stems,
leaves, flowers, fruits and roots, and also crop
residues.
Sap suckers suck sap from different plant parts
affecting growth and development of crops.
Stem borer damage in rice
Planthoppers in rice
Crop lodging due to planthopper damage
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5. Tissue consumers
A. Stem damaging insects:
Stem borer: Rice stem borer, maize
stem borer, sugarcane early
shoot borer, top shoot borer
banana pseudo stem borer,
mango stem borer
Shoot fly: Maize, sorghum and wheat
shoot fly
Node borer: Sugarcane internode borer
Cutworms: Gram cutworm
Banana pseudo stem borer
Mango stem borer
Cutworm larva
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6. C. Leaf damaging insects
Leaf folder: Rice leaf folder, cotton leaf
roller, grape leaf roller
Leaf miner: Pea leaf miner, citrus leaf
miner, mustard leaf miner
Defoliators: Grasshoppers,
defoliating beetles
Rice leaf folder larva and adult
Grasshopper
Hadda beetle
Leaf miner damage
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7. Flower feeding insects
Rice gundhibug
Banded blister beetles
Thrips
Rice gundhi bug
Banded blister beetle
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8. B. Fruit damaging insects
Fruit borer: Tomato fruit borer,
lady finger fruit borer,
brinjalshoot and fruit
borer
Pod borer: Gram pod borer,
pigeon pea pod borer,
pea pod borer
Bollworms: Cotton pink bollworm,
spotted bollworm, American bollworm
Fruit fly: Mango fruit fly, cucurbit fruit fly,
guava fruit fly
Fruit sucking moth: Orange sucking
moth
Fruit borer damage
Pod borer damage in gram
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9. Root damaging insects
Termites: Wheat, maize,
sugarcane, gram
White grubs: Sugarcane,
ground nut, maize
Root weevils: Rice root weevil
Mole cricket: Wheat, maize,
gram, rice
Termite galleries
Termite workers White grubs
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10. Sucking insects
Stem suckers: Rice planthoppers,
sugarcane woolly aphid
Leaf suckers: Rice leafhopper, cotton
leafhopper, lady finger
leafhopper, cotton whitefly,
cotton mealy
Flower suckers: Rose thrips,
mungbeanthrips, rice
panicle thrips, mustard aphid
Fruit suckers:Fruit sucking moth
Root suckers: Wheat root aphid
Mustard aphid White fly
Rice brown planthopper
Rice green leafhopper
Rice white-backed planthopper
Thrips
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11. Mitesalsoknownasacarinabelongto
phylumArachnida,towhichspidersalso
belong.Theseareminuteorganismsthat
canrarelybeseenwithnakedeyes.Mites
causeheavydamageincropsespeciallyin
vegetablesandornamentals.Mites
constitutealargegroupwithitsmembers
inhabitingavarietyofhabitatslikesoil,
water,plants,animals,processedfoodand
animalwaste.Mitesdamagecropsby
suckingsapfromthem.
Non-insect pests
A. Mites
Red spider mite
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12. Damage
Phytophagousmitesinfestawide
varietyofplantsleadingtoyellowing,
discolouration,curlingorothertypeof
deformationofleavesordefoliation;
developmentofgallsonleaves;
deformitiesofplantssuchasswelling
ofnodesandinternodes,stuntingof
shootsormalformationoffruits.
Mite damage in brinjal
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13. Predatorymites
Predatorymitesfeedonphytophagous
mitesthusaidinginbiologicalcontrolof
harmfulmites.Amblyseiusfallacis,
AgistemusfleschneriandZetzelliamali
aresomeofthespeciesofpredatory
mites.Theirsizeismoreorlesssimilar
tothatofspidermites
Predatory mites
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14. B. Snails and Slugs
Snailsandslugsbelongtophylum,
Molluscaandhencealsoknownas
molluscs.GiantAfricansnailsismost
importantsnailpesthavingspread
worldwideduetoaccidentallyaswellas
deliberately.Snailspossessaprotective
shellcovering,formedbytheirown
secretion,whileslugslackprotectiveshell.
Thesnailsareveryactiveduringrainy
season.Theiractivitiesareverymuch
correlatedwiththerainfallandhumidity.
Giant African snail
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15. Damage
Gardenflowersandornamentalsareamongthe
mostsusceptibleplantstoattackofgiantAfrican
snail.HostrangeofgiantAfricansnailisverybig
andincludespapaya,banana,colecrops,
lobhia,beans,cucurbits,brinjal,marigold,
portulacea,violet,moneyplant,arecanut,rubber
budsandcoffeeseedlings.MarigoldandLuffa
areamongthemostpreferredfoodofthispest.
Italsodrinksrubbersap.Papayaisalso
damagedtoseriouslevel.Allpartsofpapaya
plantaresusceptibletotheattackofthegiant
Africansnail.
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16. PlantParasiticNematodes
Nematodesarepopularlycalledasroundworms.
NematodesbelongtothephylumAschelminthes.
Plantparasiticnematodesconstituteoneofthe
importantgroupsoforganismswhichliveinsoil
aroundplantroots.Theyareoftenmicroscopic,
longandslender,confinedusuallytothetopsoilof
20-25cm.Plantparasiticnematodescause
extensivelydamagetocultivatedplants,resulting
inheavylosses.Damagemaybecauseddirectly,
orindirectlywhenthephytoparasiticnematodes
transmitplantvirusesorallowpathogenstogain
entryintotheplantthroughdamagedareas
createdbythesenematodes.
Magnified picture of root knot nematode
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17. Symptoms of Nematode Damage
Rootknotnematode
Gallsonroots,stuntingandwiltingasinlady’s
finger.
Cystnematode
Shallowrootsystem,chlorosis(yellowingofleaves)
andwiltingduringhotweathereveninpresenceof
sufficientsoilmoisture
Earcocklenematode
Stuntedgrowthwithwrinkledandtwistedleaves,
reducedandirregularlydevelopedearheads,wheat
grainsconvertingintoseedgallsorcocks
Whitetipnematode
Yellowing,browningandfinallywhiteningof2-5cm
leaftipswhichthendryupandhangsdown,kernels
becomingchaffyanddistortedasinthecaseof
paddy
Root knot nematode damage
Ear cockle nematode damage
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18. Crabs
Crabs are arthropods which belong to group
Crustaceaand are aquatic by nature. The rice
fields crab, Paratelphusahydrodrumuslives in
holes in the sides of field bunds and irrigated
channels etc., where water does not stand.
Channels and holes are protected by heaping soil
around their openings.
Natureofdamage
Seedlingsarecutdownintobitsatgroundlevels
andcarriedtotheholesforfeeding.Inadditionto
cropdamage,crabholesmadeintobundsleadto
beachesandwaterloss.
Crab
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19. Millipedes
Millipedesarealsoarthropodsandnocturnal,which
livebeneathleaves,stones,barkandlogsaswellas
insoil.Asthenameindicates,thesehavealarge
numberoflegs.
MillipedescommonlyoccurringinIndiaareLulassp.
onJowarandHarpurostreptussp.ontapioca.They
arebrownishblackincolourandabout8.7cmin
length.
Natureofdamage
Theadultsandjuvenilesfeedontenderbudsand
rootsofnewlyplantedcrops.Thetapiocamillipedes
feedontenderbudsandrootsofnewlyplantedsets
resultinginstuntingandoftendeathofplants.Some
ofthemillipedesconsumegroundnutkernels.
Millipedes
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20. Rats and mice
Ratscauseseveredamagetocropsand
domesticcommodities,therebyrequiringtobe
controlledeffectively.Theatmosphereand
surroundingsofhumanhabitationsarefouledby
themtotheextentthatitbecomesintolerablefor
man.Severaltypesofdiseasesareknowntobe
transmittedbyrats.Besidesconsuming
considerablequantityoffood,theycontaminate
muchmorebyurine,faeces,andhairsand
sebaceoussecretions.Religioussentimentsof
somepeoplecomeinthewayofratcontrol.
Mus booduga
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21. Hareandrabbit
Haresandrabbitsareoneofthebest
knownwildmammalsandofconsiderable
economicimportance.Theyarenocturnal
andgrazemainlyongrass,herbs,scrubs,
bulbs,roots,barketc.Instancesoftheir
becomingpestsonagriculturalcropsare
widelyknownthroughoutthecountry.They
doconsiderabledamagetocropslike
wheat,barleygram,maize,jowar,bajra,
pea,mustard,bean,cabbageandothers.
Theyarebrowseonyoungfruittreesand
forestplants.
Hare
Rabbit
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22. Let’s Sum Up
Apestisananimalwhichisdetrimentaltohumansorhumaninterest.
Mostimportantpestsareamonginsectsandnon-insectpestslikemites,
nematodes,andsnailsandslugs.
Basedonfeedinghabitsinsectpestscanbecategorizedastissueconsumersand
sapsuckers.
Tissueconsumersdamagestems,leaves,flowers,fruitsandroots,andalsocrop
residues.
Sapsuckerslikeaphidsandwhitefliessucksapfromplantparts.
Mitessuchasredspidermitescauseheavydamageincropsespeciallyin
vegetablesandornamentals.
GiantAfricansnailsismostimportantsnailpesthavingspreadworldwideand
causesheavydamageinornamentalsandvegetables.
Crabsandmillipedesalsodamagecropsincertainlocalities.
Rodentsandsomebirdsandmammalsarealsoharmfultoman.
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