Types and methods of irrigation system with its suitability

It gives an whole idea of
1. Necessity of irrigation
2. Types of irrigation
3. Methods of irrigation
Drip irrigation
Spray irrigation
Controlled flooding
Uncontrolled flooding
Flow irrigation system
Lift irrigation system

1. Irrigation Engineering Pavan kumar Ace engineering academy 8555982622

2. Irrigation may be defined as the process of artificial supply of water to land for the purpose of cultivation. Irrigation Engineering

3. Name of the Subject 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 Irrigation Engineering 05 12 08 10 08 ESE weightage PRELIMS: 8-10 questions MAINS: 30-40 Marks

4. Utilization works : Basics of water Resources Engineering. Soil-Water-Plant Relationship. Water Requirement of crops. Quality of Irrigation Water. Irrigation Engineering (ESE)

5. Distribution works 5) Design of Lined Canals. 6) Design of Unlined Canals. 7) Water logging & Drainage. 8) Canal regulation works.

6. Diversion works: 9) Diversion Head Works. 10)River Training Works. Storage works: 11) Gravity Dams and Reservoirs. 12) Spillways and energy dissipaters.

7. Reference Books Irrigation Water Resources & Water Power Engineering By Dr. P N Modi. Irrigation Engineering & Hydraulic Structures By Santosh Kumar Garg. Irrigation, Water Power & Water Resources Engineering By Dr. K R Arora. Introduction to Irrigation Engineering

8. Irrigation may be defined as the artificial supply of water water to land for the purpose of cultivation. Main concerns of irrigation: How to apply – methods of irrigation How much to apply – quantity When to apply – frequency of irrigation Basics of Water Resources Engineering

9. Necessity of Irrigation Inadequate Rainfall. Uneven distribution of Rainfall. Growing a number of crops during a year. Growing superior crops. Growing perennial crops Controlled water supply Basics of Water Resources Engineering

10. Benefits of Irrigation : Increase in crop yield Protection from famine. Cultivation of superior crops. Elimination of mixed cropping– Basics of Water Resources Engineering

11. Generation of hydroelectric power. Domestic & industrial water supply. Increase in ground water storage. Overall development of the Country.

12. ILL effects of Irrigation : Water Logging. Unhealthy climate. Breeding places for Mosquitos. Pollution of river flows & groundwater. Basics of Water Resources Engineering

13. Types of irrigation projects: projects Irrigation potential Cost of project Major irrigation project >10000 ha > 5 crores Medium irrigation project 2000-10000 ha 0.25– 5 crore Small irrigation project <2000 ha 0.25 - 0.5 crore

14. Types of Irrigation Systems : Surface irrigation: Group of water application techniques where water is applied and distributed over the soil either by gravity or by pumping. Most suite to soils with low to medium infiltration capacity. Lands with relatively uniform terrain (slope less than 3%). Basics of Water Resources Engineering

15. It can be further classified into Flow Irrigation System. Lift Irrigation System.

16. Flow Irrigation System : when the elevation level of SOURCE is at higher level than the field to be irrigated. Flow Irrigation system can be further classified on the basis of duration. a) Inundation Irrigation b) Perennial Irrigation Basics of Water Resources Engineering

17. Inundation Irrigation System : Irrigation is carried out by deep flooding and thorough saturation of the land to be cultivated. Excess water is drained off prior to planting of crop. Also known as uncontrolled or flood irrigation. Basics of Water Resources Engineering

18. Perennial Irrigation System : Water required for irrigation is supplied in accordance to crop requirement throughout the crop period. Classification of Irrigation system on the basis of the source. a) Direct Irrigation System. b) Reservoir or tank or Storage irrigation system. Basics of Water Resources Engineering

19. Direct irrigation system

20. Direct Irrigation System : water is delivered directly to canal without any storage. Low diversion weir or Barrage is constructed across the river to raise the water level on upstream.

21. Adopted in case of perennial river or water required for crop is less than flow rate in the river. Off taking canal is provided on upstream of weir.

22. Storage/ Reservoir system

23. Storage/ Tank / Reservoir Irrigation System : A solid barrier such as DAM is constructed across river to store the water. It is suitable for multi-purpose project. Based on water requirement of crops and hydro power generation, the volume of water to be stored in reservoir is decided. Basics of Water Resources Engineering

24. Lift Irrigation System :

25. Lift Irrigation System : If the irrigation water is available at a level lower than that of the land to be irrigated. water is lifted up by pumps or other mechanical devices Basics of Water Resources Engineering

26. Advantages of lift irrigation: Water can be applied to require depth. Cash crops can be grown. Irrigation is possible even during year of drought. Isolated patches can be easily irrigated where canal water cannot reach.

27. 2 . Sub surface irrigation: Water flows underground and nourishes the plant root by capillarity. Natural sub-irrigation : leakage of water from channels helps in irrigation of crops by capillarity. Artificial sub irrigation : open jointed drains are artificially laid below the soil. very costly process, adopted in small scale.

28. Methods of Irrigation : Surface Irrigation Methods. Sprinkler Irrigation Methods. Sub-surface irrigation Methods. Basics of Water Resources Engineering

29. Methods of Irrigation Surface Irrigation Methods Flooding Methods Furrow Method Contour Farming Uncontrolled (OR) Wild flooding Controlled flooding Flooding from field channels Border strip method Check basin method Ring basin method

30. Uncontrolled or Wild Flooding : Water is applied by spreading it over the land to be irrigated without any prior preparation of the land & without enforcing any control. Suitable for smooth & flat land. More wastage of water. Surface Irrigation Methods

31. Controlled Flooding : Surface Irrigation Methods

32. Controlled Flooding : Water is applied on the land with control over the quantity as well as direction of flow. Prior preparation of land is done. Surface Irrigation Methods

33. Flooding from Field Channels: Surface Irrigation Methods

34. Flooding from Field Channels: Land is divided in strips by series of field channels or laterals & the strips are supplied water from these field channels. Suitable for flat as well as relatively steep slopes. Surface Irrigation Methods

35. Generally Spacing of laterals may vary from 15 – 60 m. Slopes in the range of 1 in 100 to 1 in 300.

36. Border strip method:

37. Border strip method: Land is divided as long narrow strips of 10-20m wide and 100 to 300 m in length. Water is supplied directly from supply channel to the strip by providing slope along the length of strip. Surface Irrigation Methods

38. Suitable for loamy soil, clays with medium infiltration capacity. Longitudinal slope should be 0.05% to 2%

39. Size of supply ditch depends on infiltration capacity of soil and width of strip. Coarse grain soils require large discharge rate, so supply ditch should be large Fine grain soils require smaller supply ditch.

40. A A Bunds Advancing Sheet of water Field Channel Slope Border strip Advancing Sheet of water Section on A – A Land surface Border Strip Method:

41. t 2.3   Determination of time required to cover the area : Where , Q – discharge through supply ditch. y – average depth of water flowing over strip I – rate of infiltration. A – area of strip to be irrigated. t – time required to irrigate the strip

42. Maximum area that can be irrigated:  

43. Surface Irrigation Methods Check Basin Method :

44. Check Basin Method : Most common method. Also called method of irrigation by plots. Land is divided into small plots surrounded by checks or levees. Surface Irrigation Methods

45. Preferred for close growing crops such as jowar or paddy Suitable for both permeable and less permeable soils. Suitable for heavy soils i.e , soils with low water absorption.

46. Ring Basin Method :

47. Ring Basin Method : It is special form of check basin method which is used in the irrigation of orchards (enclosures with fruit trees). Basin is created surrounding each tree & the field channel supplies water to the basin. Not suitable for coarse sands. Surface Irrigation Methods

48. Furrow Method

49. Ridge Furrow

50. Water is applied to the land to be irrigated by a series of long, narrow field channels called furrows. Reduces evaporation. Preferred on flat or gentle slopes not exceed 0.5% with minimum grade of 0.05%. Suitable for row crops such as maize, tomato, cotton, potatoes, sugarcane, groundnut, tobacco etc. Furrow Method

51. Practiced in Hilly Regions where the land will be having steep slopes. Also controls erosion due to rain. Contour Farming

52. Sprinkler Irrigation Method

53. Water is applied in the form of spray by pipes & nozzle system. Can be used for all types of crops except rice & jute. Erosion of soil can be controlled and suitable for water scarce areas. Sprinkler Irrigation Method

54. Uniform application of water is possible with an efficiency of 80%. No land preparation is required. Wind may distort the application of water. Power requirement is high.

55. Drip Irrigation Method :

56. Drip Irrigation Method : Water is applied to the land surface near the base of the plants by a network of PVC pipes & drip nozzles called emitters or drippers. Suitable for areas where there is water scarcity & salt problems (saline lands). Has highest water application efficiency about 90 % or more. Sub-Surface Irrigation Methods

57. Can be used for any topography, land need not be level. Not suitable for closely planted crops. Suited for row crops and orchards such as tomatoes, grapes, corn, citrus melons, cauliflower, cabbage and turnips.

58. Q. The system of irrigation practiced on hill slopes is (A) Contour farming (B) Checks irrigation (C) Border method of irrigation (D) Sprinkler irrigation Basics of Water Resources Engineering

59. In an irrigation system, the land was divided into large number of smaller size unit areas having fairly level surface, by bunds and cross ridges. The basins thus created were filled with water to the desired depth and the water was retained for some time, this method of irrigation is known as (A) border method (B) checks method (C) sub irrigation (D) contour irrigation Basics of Water Resources Engineering

60. For growing irrigated paddy, the ideal water application method is (A) Furrow irrigation (B) Check method (C) Border method of irrigation (D) Sprinkler irrigation Basics of Water Resources Engineering

61. Q. For irrigation of orchards the best method is (A) free flowing method (B) basin method (C) furrow method (D) sprinkling method Basics of Water Resources Engineering

62. Mixed cropping is defined as (A) Two or more crops grown during any year (B) Two or more crops grown during the same crop season in different fields (C) Two or more crop seasons of the year (D) Growing of two or more crops together in the same field during the same crop season. Basics of Water Resources Engineering

63. Q. The maximum area that can be irrigated by a stream of discharge of 50 lps , with the average infiltration rate of 5cm/hour is ______ ha. Basics of Water Resources Engineering

64. Q. Determine the time required to irrigate a strip of area of the size 100 m x 10 m by a stream of discharge of 0.03 m³/sec. Assume average depth of water of 7.5 cm & average rate of infiltration of 5 cm/hour. Also find maximum area of the strip that can be irrigated by that stream. Basics of Water Resources Engineering

65. Q. A sprinkler irrigation is suitable when (A) The land gradient is steep & the soil is easily erodible (B) The soil is having low permeability (C) The water table is low (D) The crops to be grown have deep roots (GATE–04) Basics of Water Resources Engineering

66. Assertion (A): Sprinkler method of irrigation has a higher water application/use efficiency. Reason (R): Sprinkler system causes less interference in cultivation and other farming operations. (ESE – 2002) Basics of Water Resources Engineering