Types of arguments

deductive argument: forms of deductive arguments.
Inductive Argument: Forms of Inductive Arguments

1. Types of Arguments By : Zarmeen Durrani

2. DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENTS An argument in which it is impossible for a conclusion to be false if its premises are true . General Specific Example All birds have legs. Pigeons have legs Therefore, all pigeons are birds.

3. Forms of deductive arguments ARGUMENT BASED ON MATHEMATICS The conclusion depends on a mathematical or geometric measurement . Example : 1+1 = 2 • There’s no room for a different answer by reevaluating the argument. 1 + 1 will always equal 2. If you have 1+1, then it’ll always equal 2.

4. ARGUMENT FROM DEFINITION The conclusion is depend on the definition of a word or phrase used either in a premise or in the conclusion . Example : Alex is a cardiologist. Therefore, Alex is a doctor

5. SYLLOGISM Syllogism is a form of reasoning in which conclusion is drawn from two give premises. One premises is major premises Second premises is a minor premises . Example All planets are round (Major Premises) Earth is a planet (Minor Premises) Therefore, Earth is round. (Conclusion)

6. • CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISMS – Made up of exactly two premises and one conclusion. Begin with the words “ all ”, “ some ”, and “ no ”. Example : All fishes swim Every shark is a fish Therefore, every shark swims • HYPOTHETICAL SYLLOGISMS – Syllogisms (two premises and one conclusion) that have a conditional statement for one (or both) of its premises. Example:  If I do not wake up, then I cannot go to work. If I cannot go to work, then I will not get paid. Therefore , if I do not wake up, then I will not get paid .

7. DISJUNCTIVE SYLLOGISM   Disjunctive syllogism is a valid argument form which is a syllogism having a  disjunctive statement for one of its premises . It is an “ Either, or ” statement. Example Either he is going to study law or medicine He is not going to study law Therefore, he is going to study medicine.

8. INDUCTIVE ARGUMENTS An argument in which it is improbable for the conclusion to be false if its premises are true . Specific General Example: Socrates was Greek. Most Greeks ate fish. Therefore, Socrates probably ate fish.

9. Inductive argument forms PREDICTION – An argument that works based off our knowledge of the past in order to make a claim about the future . Example: There tends to be a lot of rain in the Midwest so it will probably rain there tomorrow. ARGUMENT FROM ANALOGY – Depends on the existence of similarity between two separate things. Example : My Honda gets good gas mileage. So it follows that John’s Honda also gets good gas mileage

10. GENERALIZATION – An argument that is applied to a whole group based on knowledge gained from a small sample of people . Example : seven out of ten students in school love snooker. So I can say that half of students in school love snooker. ARGUMENT FROM AUTHORITY – An argument that concludes something is true because an expert said it is . Example : Centrum vitamins work because Dr. Jones did a study that proved it.

11. ARGUMENT BASED ON SIGNS – Conclusion based on knowledge gained from a sign about what the sign claims to mean . Example: A sign on the side of the road says “School Zone” so I can assume that a school is somewhere up ahead . CAUSAL INFERENCE – Argument that proceeds from knowledge of a cause to a claim about its effect , or vice versa, that knowledge of an effect can provide information about its cause . Example : I left a soda in the freezer last night so I can assume that it is frozen I can not receive my email. The internet must be down.