types of bacteria and bacterial disease of fin FISHES

Types of bacteria and bacterial disease of fin FISHES

1. TYPES OF BACTERIA AND BACTERIAL DISEASE OF FIN FISHES SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY DR. AVDESH KUMAR HARI KRISHNA 48605

2. BACTERIA Bacteria is a type of biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a number of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. Bacteria inhabit soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste and the deep portions of Earth's crust. Bacteria also live in symbiotic and parasitic relationships with plants and animals. The study of bacteria is known as bacteriology, a branch of microbiology.

3. TYPES OF BACTERIA All bacteria share features common to every prokaryotic cell: They lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles They have circular DNA that is naked (not bound to protein) They have smaller ribosomes (70S )

4. However different types of bacteria can be distinguished according to a number of characteristics : Shape – Round ( coccus ), rod-like (bacillus), comma-shaped ( vibrio ) or spiral ( spirilla / spirochete) Cell wall composition – Gram-positive (thick peptidoglycan layer) or Gram-negative ( lipopolysaccharide layer) Gaseous requirements – Anaerobic (obligate or facultative) or aerobic Nutritional patterns – Autotrophic (photosynthetic or chemosynthetic) or heterotrophic

5. Bacterial Sub-Classifications

6. BACTERIAL DISEASE Bacterial disease, any of a variety of illnesses caused by bacteria. Bacteria cause disease by secreting or excreting toxins , by producing toxins internally, which are released when the bacteria disintegrate , or by inducing sensitivity to their antigenic properties. Bacteria are responsible for many fatal diseases in fishes like furunculosis, columnaris, fin and tail rot, vibriosis, dropsy, cotton mouth disease  and tuberculosis.

7. Columnaris Disease Columnaris disease is caused by Chondroccus columnaris and Cytophaga columnaris Common disease of carp ,carnivorous and many freshwater aquarium fishes. It is a long, thin, flexible, gram-negative slime bacterium ( myxobacteriales ). This disease is often associated with low oxygen level . Initially it is marked by appearance of grayish-white or yellowish-white patches on the body. The skin lesions change to ulcerations and fins may become frayed. Gill filaments are destroyed and eventually lead to the death of the fish.

8. TREATMENT Always follow pre and post stocking pond management. Addition of 1 ppm copper sulphate in the pond to control this disease is effective. Tetramycin administered orally with food at a rate of 3 g / 100 pounds of fish / day for 10 days is very effective . Dip treatment in malachite green (1:15000) for 10-30 seconds and one hour bath in 1 ppm furanase is very effective to control this disease.

9. Columnaris Disease

10. Bacterial Haemorrhagic Septicemia Disease Also called as Infectious abdominal dropsy. Caused by Aeromonas hydrophila , A.flurescence , A. lucifaceans . Common in carps. Symptoms-ulcers are formed and may be of black white and red colour . Scale and gills nacrosed followed by skeletal deformities. Distruction of liver cells colour of liver changes to yellow , exopthalmia condition.

11. TREATMENT Follow the pre and post stocking treatment practises . Use quarantine. Use pottasium per magnate for bath treatment. Use teramycine @ 65mg/kg fish body weight. Penicillin 20,000 IU/kg body weight of fish. Infected and dead fish fishes should be burried away from infected pond.

12. Bacterial Haemorrhagic Septicemia Disease

13. Fin and Tail Rot Disease Fin and Tail Rot disease is caused by Aeromonas salmonicid and A. liquefaciens . However, protozoans and fungi may also be involved. It is characterized by appearance of white lines along the margins of fins, the opacity usually progresses towards the base eroding them and causing haemorrhage . The fin rays become brittles first and later break leading to the complete destruction of the fins. The infection may also spread on the body surface. Fin and tail rot are associated with poor sanitary conditions in fish ponds and with water pollution in nature.

14. TREATMENT Always follow pre and post stocking pond management. The Fin and tail rot may be checked at an early stage by keeping fishes in 0.5% copper sulphate solution for 2 minutes. Control may be achieved with 10-50 ppm tetramycin and 1-2 ppm of benzalkonium chloride. In severe infections the affected parts are surgically removed and the fishes are then kept in 0.04% potassium dichromate . Long bath in acriflaven @ 10g/100l water. sulphonamide@10mg/100l of water for 24 hrs

15. Fin and Tail Rot Disease

16. Furunculosis Disease Furuculosis disease is caused by Aeromona salmonicida in salmon fishes. It is a non-motile, gram-negative bacterium. This disease frequently appears to infect fishes living in the dirty waters containing a large amount of decaying matter. The first symptoms of this disease are appearance of boil like lesions. Others symptoms are blood-shot fins, blood discharge from the vent, haemorrhages in muscles and other tissues and necrosis of the kidney. Bursting of boils allow the spread of this disease among other fishes and also offer suitable areas for fungus growth. Fishes severely infected with the bacteria die in good number. .

17. TREATMENT Always follow pre and post stocking pond management. Remove the severely infected fishes from the pond and supply food containing antibiotics like sulphonamides or nitrofurans . Sulfonamides like sulfadiozine or sulfaguanidine are given orally with food at the rate of 22 g / 100 kg of fish / day. Other antibiotics like chloromycetin and tetramycin are most effective at a dose of 5-7.5g / 100 kg of fish / day. Disinfect the eggs with 0.015% solution of methiolate or 0.185% acriflavin

18. Furunculosis Disease

19. Vibriosis Disease Vibrio bacteria are the causative agents of vibriosis disease in salmon and many other fishes. This disease may occur in waters with low oxygen. These bacteria are small gram-negative bacilli, characteristically curved. Diseased fishes show large, bright coloured , bloody lesions in the skin and muscles, haemorrhages in eyes, gills may bleed with slight pressure, and inflammation of the intestinal tract.

20. TREATMENT Always follow pre and post stocking pond management. Sulfamethazine at a rate of 2 g / 100 pounds of fish / day gives good results. 3 – 4 g / 100 pounds of fish / day for 10 days of tetramycin also give satisfactory results.

21. Vibriosis Disease

22. Dropsy Disease Pseudomonas punctata and A. hydrophilla is the causative agent of this disease. It is characterized by accumulation of yellow coloured fluid inside the body cavity, protruding scales and pronounced exopthalmic conditions. This is known as “Intestinal Dropsy”. In case of ulcerative dropsy, ulcers appear on the skin, deformation of back bone takes place and show abnormal jumping. This is a fatal disease in culture systems. Common in aquarium fishes.

23. TREATMENT Always follow pre and post stocking pond management . Removal and destruction of fishes, followed by draining, drying and disinfecting the pond with lime are preventive measures to control the disease. The infected fishes may be cured with 5 ppm potassium permanganate for 2 minutes dip bath. Streptomycin and oxytetracyclin give good results.

24. Dropsy Disease

25. EPIZOOTIC ULCERATIVE SYNDROME Also called as RED SPOT disease or BACTERIAL ULCERATIVE disease. This is caused by jointly infection of bacteria ,fungi, and some time viruses A.hydrophilla , Saprolegnia phorax etc Major symptoms of this disease is cauliflower formation of mouth This is common in mullets.

26. TREATMENT Always follow pre and post stocking pond management. Bath treatment in cuso4 @100 -200 gm/100 l of water for 30 sec. Cuso4 @ 500- 1000 gm/ hac of pond Apply lime 400-600 kg/ hac at the interval of 7-10 days f or three times. Apply cifax @ 1 l / hac . kmno4@Kg/ hac .

27. EPIZOOTIC ULCERATIVE SYNDROME

28. Tuberculosis Disease Mycobacterium is a disease causing agent which is difficult to diagnose without pathological examinations. The symptoms are ulcers on body, nodules in internal organs, fin and tail rot, loss of appetite and loss of weight of fish.

29. TREATMENT This can be cured with dip treatment in 1:2000 copper sulphate for 1 minute for 3-4 days. Antibiotics are not successful. The fishes should be destroyed and potassium permanganate or lime used in the pond

30. Tuberculosis Disease

31. Bacterial Gill Disease This disease is caused by Myxobacteria in salmon fish. Many bacteria are found in swollen gill lamellae which show proliferation of the epithelium, and symptoms are lack of appetite. This disease is transmitted through water from infected fish. TREATMENT It can be treated with 1-2 ppm timsan or 1 ppm copper sulphate .

32. Bacterial Gill Disease