Types of Farming System

Concept, Types and System of Farming

1. Types of Farming System Prepared By: Dr. Pooja Goswami Assistant Professor (Agronomy) College of Agriculture, Balaghat JNKVV, Jabalpur(M.P.)

2. Farm: Farm is an area of land and its buildings which is used for growing crops and rearing animals. It is devoted primarily to agricultural processes with the primary objective of producing food and other crops. It is the basic facility in food production. System: A system is a set of inter-related, interacting and interdependent elements acting together for a common purpose and capable of reacting as a whole to external stimuli. It is unaffected by its own output and it has external boundaries based on all significant feed backs. Introduction:

3. Definition of Farming system: Farming system is a mixture of farm enterprises such as crop, livestock, aquaculture, agro forestry and fruit crops to which farm family allocates its resources in order to efficiently manage the existing environment for the attainment of the family goal. Or Farming system is a resource management strategy to achieve economic and sustained agricultural production to meet diverse requirements of farm livelihood while preserving resource base and maintaining a high level of environment quality.

4. Farming system represents an appropriate combination of farm enterprises (cropping systems, horticulture, livestock, fishery, forestry, poultry, etc) and the means available to the farmer to raise them for profitability. It interacts adequately with environment without dislocating the ecological and socioeconomic balance on one hand and attempts to meet the national goals on the other.

5. Concept of farming system In farming system, the farm is viewed in a holistic manner. Farming enterprises include crops, dairying, poultry, fishery, sericulture, piggery and tree crops . Farm as an unit is to be considered and planned for effective integration of the enterprises to be combined with crop production activity, such that the end-products and wastes of one enterprise are utilized effectively as inputs in other enterprise. For example the wastes of dairying viz., dung, urine, refuse etc are used in preparation of FYM or compost which serves as an input in cropping system. Likewise the straw obtained from crops (maize, rice, sorghum etc) is used as a fodder for dairy cattle. Further, in sericulture the leaves of mulberry crop as a feeding material for silkworms, grain from maize crop are used as a feed in poultry etc.

6. Farming System Concept: A farm is a system in that it has INPUTS, PROCESSES, OUTPUTS and FEEDBACK . Depending on the type of farming e.g. arable/pastoral, commercial/subsistence, the type and amount of inputs, processes and outputs will vary. Income through arable farming alone is insufficient for bulk of the marginal farmers. The other activities such as dairying, poultry, sericulture, apiculture, fisheries etc. assume critical importance in supplementing their farm income.

7. Activities in Farming System

8. Components of farming system 1 . Crops, livestock, birds and trees. 2. Cropping systems like monocrop , mixed/ intercrop, multi-tier crops of cereals, legumes (pulses), oilseeds, forage etc. 3. Livestock components may be cows, buffalos, goats, sheeps , poultry and bees. 4. Tree components may include fruit trees, timber, fuel and fodder.

9. Broad categories of farming systems: 1. Irrigated farming system, embracing a broad range of food and cash crop production. 2. Wetland rice-based farming system , dependent upon seasonal rains supplemented by irrigation. 3. Rainfed farming system in humid areas characterized by specific dominant crops or mixed crop-livestock system. 4. Rainfed farming system in steep and highland areas , which are often, mixed crop- livestock System.

10. Continued… 5. Rainfed farming system in dry or cold low potential areas , with mixed crop-livestock and pastoral system merging into system with very low current productivity or potential because of extreme aridity or cold . 6. Dualistic (mixed large commercial and small holders) farming system , across a variety of ecologies and with diverse production patterns . 7. Coastal artisanal fishing system , which often incorporate mixed farming elements.

11. Indigenous farming systems There are the three major indigenous farm systems in India. Shifting cultivation, Taungya cultivation and Zabo cultivation

12. Shifting cultivation It refers to farming system in north-eastern areas in which land under natural vegetation (usually forests) is cleared by slash and burn method, cropped with common arable crops for a few years and then left unattended when natural vegetation regenerates. Traditionally, the fallow period is 10-20 years but in recent times it is reduced to 2-5 years in many areas. Due to increasing population pressure, the fallow period is drastically reduced and system has degenerated causing serious soil erosion, depleting soil fertility resulting into low productivity. In north-eastern India, many annual and perennial crops with diverse growth habits are being grown.

13. Shifting Cultivation (Slash & Burn)

14. Taungya cultivation The Taungya system is like an organized and scientifically managed shifting cultivation. The word is reported to have originated in Myanmar (Burma) and Tauang means hill, ya means cultivation i.e., hill cultivation. It involves cultivation of crops in forests or forest trees in crop fields and was introduced to Chittagong and Bengal areas in colonial India in 1890. this system consists of growing annual arable crops along with the forestry species during early years of establishment of the forest plantation. The land belongs to forest department or their large scale leases, who allows the subsistence farmers to raise their crops and in turn protect tree saplings. It is not merely temporary use of a piece of land and a poverty level wage, but is a chance to participate equitably in a diversified and sustainable agro-forestry economy.

15. Zabo cultivation The Zabo is an indigenous farming system practiced in north-eastern hill regions, The place of origin of zabo farming system is thought to be the Kikruma village in Phek district of Nagaland. Zabo means impounding of water. This system refers to combination of forest, agriculture, livestock and fisheries with well-founded soil and water conservation base. Rainwater is collected from the catchment of protected hill tops of above 100 per cent slopes in a pond with seepage control. Cultivation fully depends on the amount of water stored in the pond.

16. The Zabo is an indigenous farming system practiced in north-eastern hill regions, The place of origin of zabo farming system is thought to be the Kikruma village in Phek district of Nagaland. Zabo means impounding of water. This system refers to combination of forest, agriculture, livestock and fisheries with well-founded soil and water conservation base. Rainwater is collected from the catchment of protected hill tops of above 100 per cent slopes in a pond with seepage control. Cultivation fully depends on the amount of water stored in the pond.

17. Principles of farming system 1. Minimization of risk 2. Recycling of wastes and residues 3. Integration of two or more enterprises 4. Optimum utilization of all resources 5. Maximum productivity and profitability 6. Ecological balance 7. Generation of employment potential 8. Increased input use efficiency 9. Use of end products from one enterprise as input in other enterprise

18. Characteristics of farming system 1 . Farmer oriented & holistic approach 2. Effective farmer‘s participation 3. Unique problem solving system 4. Dynamic system 5. Gender sensitive 6. Responsible to society 7. Environmental sustainability 8. Location specific of technology 9. Diversified farming enterprises to avoid risks due to environmental constraints 10. Provides feedback from farmers

19. TYPE OF FARMING The types of farming refers to the nature & degree of products or combination of product being produced in a farm & the method of practice used in the farm SYSTEM OF FARMING The system of farming concerned with the organisational set-up under which the farm is being run

20. FACTORS DETERMINING THE TYPE OF FARMING Physical factors 1.Climate 2.Soil 3.Topography Economic & Social factors 1.Availability of capital & labour 2.Location of processing plant 3.Marketing facilities & transportation Objective of the farmer 1.Income 2.Production 3.Minimising cost

21. THE EFFECT OF CLIMATE The climate of a particular place affect what types of plant grow well here Important factor are Hours of sunshine Temperature Rainfall Way to overcome on climate affects Greenhouse Artificial irrigation system New verities & new farm management practice Agri - insurance & livestock's insurance

22. TYPES OF FARMING A.On the basis of % income derived from enterprises. 1. specialised farming 2. diversified farming 3. mixed farming B.On the basis of farm size. 1.large scale farming 2.small scale farming C.On the basis of annual rainfall. 1.Dry farming 2.Dry land farming 3.Rainfed farming

23. Continue ..... D. On the basis of value of Products/Income or Comparative Advantages: 1.Extensive farming 2.Intensive farming E. Other type 1.Ranching or pastoral farming 2.Irrigated or garden land farming 3.Organic farming 4.Landless livestock farming

24. SPECIALISED FARMING Major enterprise contribute more than 50 % to total farm income.(Particular enterprises is predominant) e.g. dairy farming, poultry farming, sugarcane farming etc. Advantage :- Efficient utilisation of land, labour & equipment. Better management & marketing. Efficiency skill are increased. Disadvantage Greater risk Fertility of soil can’t be maintained.

25. DIVERSIFIED FARMING A number of enterprises are taken up on a farm & no single enterprise are relative more important.e.g.Crop+Livestock+fishery farming Advantage Better use of resources . Risk is reduced. Regular & quicker return are obtained from various sources. Disadvantage Marketing is insufficient. Ineffective supervision & mismanagement. Better equipping of the farm is not possible.

26. MIXED FARMING Combination of two or more than independent agricultural enterprises on the same farm. In mixed farming system income from livestock sector should be at least 10-49% Advantage Efficient use of land, labour, equipment & other resources Proper use of by-product. Provide employment & better income throughout the year Disadvantage Ineffective supervision & mismanagement. Better equipping of the farm is not possible.

27. LARGE SCALE FARMING Size of herd or flock is large and it need more land, labour & capital Advantage Per unit cost of production is less Mechanization of farm activities Increased efficiency of land, labour & by product Easy to get finance Better marketing of product Disadvantage Risk is high(natural calamities ,labour strike , price fluctuation) Difficulties in supervision

28. SMALL SCALE FARMING Size of herd or flock is small and it is easy to managed by family labour & requires less capital. Advantage Risk is low due to natural calamities, price fluctuation. Effective supervision. Disadvantage Per unit cost of production is high. Mechanization of farm activities are not possible. Farmer don’t get employment round the year.

29. DRY FARMING Farming in the area where rainfall is deficient with coincidence of high wind velocity resulting into heavy water loss and there is no assured source of artificial irrigation. Types of dry farming Annual rainfall Dry farming Less than 750 mm Dry land farming More than 750 mm & less than 1150 mm Rain fed farming More than 1150 mm

30. INTENSIVE FARMING More capital is used in small area Intensive farming involves chemical, fertilizer, pesticides, & growth regulator hormones. Provide large quantity of relative cheap food. Intensive farms are profitable 2 1

31. EXTENSIVE FARMING Extensive farming is an agricultural production system that uses small inputs of labour, fertilizers, & capital relative to the land area being farmed e.g. sheep and cattle farming Extensive farming systems strongly depend on natural factors Advantages Mechanisation can be used more effectively . Less labour per unit areas is required. Animal welfare Lower requirements of inputs such as fertilizers. Local environment and soil are not damaged by over use of chemicals. Disadvantages Yields much lower than intensive farming in the short term.

32. Ranching or pastoral farming P ractice of grazing animal on pasture. Common practice in cooler region with less population density. Irrigated /garden land farming Artificial resource of water for irrigation in area where rainfall is insufficient. Landless livestock farming Practice of grazing animals on the road side ,Govt Land, forest

33. ORGANIC FARMING Organic farming is the form of agriculture that relies on technique such as crop rotation green manure, compost, and biological pest control to maintain soil productivity & to control pest on farm Economics Consumer safety. Pesticide residues( Organic produce had 30% lower risk for contamination with any detectable pesticide residue)

34. Subsistence Farming Farms that are operated to meet the needs of the owners with little or no extra produced. Subsistence farms usually involve small tracts of land. An example would be a backyard garden. Subsistence farms are labour intensive. They use people more than money or machinery 

35. Features of Subsistence Farming The whole family works on the farm Most of the work is done manually  The farms are small Tradition methods of farming are followed Yield is not very high Most of the yield is consumed by the family with very little surplus for the family

36. Subsistence Farming

37. SYSTEM OF FARMING

38. PEASANT FARMING Organisational set up in which individual cultivator is the owner, manager, & organiser of the farm. Huge numbers of people living in densely packed(Fertile land and high yields)area. Equatorial / monsoon climate.(high temperatures and high rainfall with wet and drier season). Farmer free to take all type of decision. Resources are limited

39. STATE FARMING Farm operation & management is done by Government official or university. No limitation of resources. Mechanization of farm activities Supervision by farm manager Laboured hired on daily/monthly basis. State farming is not profitability

40. CAPITALISTIC FARMING Estate farming Ownership & management under rich person(capitalists),or Group of individuals (Shareholder) Farm size is large. Management are very efficient. Resources are not limited. New technology are easily adopted. Mechanization of farm activities Common in USA,CANADA ,hills of INDIA

41. COLLECTIVE FARMING Farm ownership & management under society. All family head member surrender their land , livestock , and machine to the society. Management committee elected by member. Farm is considered as a unit. Resources belong to society. Payment to the workers on the basis of quality and quantity of work. Committee provide services to their member. Very common in communist countries(China ,Cuba etc.)

42. CO-OPERATIVE FARMING Members pool their resources voluntarily & manage farm jointly under a democratic set-up. Pooled land treated as one unit. Effective utilisation of pooled resources. Farmer retain right on his own land. A part of the profit is divided in proportion to the land contributors, and rest is distributed in proportion to the labour contributed by each farmer.

43. Classification of co-operative farming society All India co-operative planning committee( 1951 ) classify co-operative farming society into 4 group Type of co-operative farming society Type of ownership Operation ship Co-operative better farming Individual Individual Co-operative joint farming Individual collective Co-operative tenant farming collective Individual Co-operative collective farming collective collective