types of feed use in aquaculture in details

types of feed

1. Types of feed Fish Nutrition And Feed Technology (AQC-505) Submittd by Tandel Riya vanishbhai

2. Aquaculture feeds Two types of feed Natural feed Artificial feed

3. Natural feeds Natural feed in aquaculture refers to the food sources that are naturally available in the environment where fish are raise Plankton : Microscopic organisms that float in the water. Benthic Organisms : Worms, insects, and other creatures found at the bottom of the pond or tank. Aquatic Plants : Various plants that grow in the water. Detritus : Organic matter that decomposes and provides nutrients. Fish : In some cases, smaller fish may be part of the natural diet. These natural food sources are essential for the growth and health of fish and are often supplemented with prepared feeds to ensure a balanced diet Natural feed

4. Artificial feed, also known as formulated or commercial feed, is specifically designed to provide balanced nutrition to fish and other aquatic organisms in aquaculture. Based on moisture content of forms Non dry feed- wet feed ,moist feed ,semi moist feed Dry feed - meals , pellets , crumbles , flackes Artificial feed

5. Moist feeds Moisture level in the range of 25-45% made from a mixture of high moisture ingredients as in wet feeds, and dry pulverized ingredients. Wet ingredients: Usually prepared by adding moisture and a hydro colloidal binding agent eg:Carboxymethy cellulose, gelatinized starch, gelatin )Or fresh tissue (Liver, blood, ground fish and fish processing waste ) Wet feeds Feed containing moisture level in the range 45-70% are prepared from high moisture ingredients such as trash fish, fishery waste, Slughter house waste etc. These feeds are made at the farm shed on a day-to-day and fed mainly to carnivorous fish such as sea bass, sea bream, eels , etc. Moist feeds

6. Moist diets do not require frozen storage. As they contain humectants like propylene glycol and sodium chloride(lower water activity, bacteria do not grow) Also contain fungistats like propionic acid and sorbic acid(retard mould growth) Diets must be packed in hermetically sealed containers, stored at low temperatures for best storage life. Moisture enhances loss of vitamin C

7. Semi Moist Feed Moisture content in the range 15-25% have a minor contribution from high moisture ingredients . ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE Many fish species find soft diets more palatable than dry diets. A pelleting machine is not needed, a food grinder will suffice Heating and drying are avoided Susceptible to microbial and oxidation spoilage unless fed immediately or frozen Should be heated to destroy possible pathogens and thiaminase

8. Wet, moist and semi moist diets are considered to be more palatable to species because of the soft consistency, and good growth and feed efficiency achieved. The major disadvantage of these feeds are The transportation and storage under refrigeration until use to prevent spoilage Irregular availability of fresh raw fish and other animal wastes in adequatequantities Introduction of pathogens, particularly from fishery wastes, if notadequately pasteurized Improper transportation and storage damage certain labile vitamins and lipids and favor propagation of fungi and bacteria in such feeds Unconsumed feeds may affect the water quality .

9. DRY FEED Contain moisture in the range 7-13%. easy to manufacture, transport, store and convenient to dispense into the culture systems. Advantages: include bulk purchase and storage of ingredients option to select a wide variety of ingredients with specific nutritional characteristics. can be produced in different sizes to suit the specific needs of the larvae to specialized diets for brood stock. permit production of specialized feeds such as medicated feeds incorporated with specific medicines or antibiotics required to control any disease out breaks, hormones incorporated feeds to produce a monosex individuals or for growes promotion or to induce maturation in fish and prawns. Dry feeds may be either prepared using dry ingredients alone or a mixture ofwet and dry ingredients adequately processed and dried

10. Dry feeds may be made as meals, pellets, granules, flakes etc. Meals/ Mashes Simple mixtures of dry ground ingredients made into a dough or paste or balls just before feeding at farm site fed to fish and prawns in trays or baskets or feed bags tied to poles in ponds(as is practiced in carp culture systems in India.) These type of feeds have poor water-stability and cause water quality problems due to the feed breaking-up and dissolving in water.

11. Pellets Floating Pellets Description : These pellets are designed to float on the water's surface. They are typically made through an extrusion process that incorporates air into the feed, making them buoyant. Usage : Ideal for surface-feeding fish such as tilapia, catfish, and carp. Benefits : Monitoring : Easy to observe feeding behavior and ensure all fish are fed adequately. Reduced Waste : Since the feed stays on the surface, it's less likely to sink and decompose, reducing water pollution. Uniform Feeding : Reduces competition among fish, as they can all access the feed.

12. Sinking Pellets Description : These pellets are denser and sink to the bottom of the water. They are typically produced by varying the ingredients and processing conditions to achieve the desired density. Usage : Suitable for bottom-feeding fish species like shrimp, some species of catfish, and other benthic feeders. Benefits : Natural Feeding Behavior : Mimics the natural feeding habits of bottom-dwellers. Minimized Competition : Reduces the stress and competition for food among fish that feed at different levels.

13. Semi-Floating Pellets Description : These pellets initially float or stay suspended in the water column before slowly sinking to the bottom. Usage : Ideal for fish that feed in the middle layers of water, such as certain species of carp and tilapia. Benefits : Versatility : Combines the advantages of both floating and sinking pellets. Accessibility : Provides food for fish at various levels in the water column.

14. Description : Granules are small, grain-like feed particles that are designed to be easily consumed by fish, particularly those with smaller mouths or at juvenile stages. Usage : Ideal for young fish (fry) or smaller fish species that require a finer feed particle. Benefits : Size Appropriateness : The small size of granules makes them easy for small fish to eat without difficulty. Nutrient Density : Granules are formulated to be nutritionally complete, providing essential vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients needed for growth and health. Ease of Digestion : Their small size and uniform composition ensure that fish can easily digest the feed, promoting better nutrient absorption. Reduced Waste : Minimizes uneaten feed, which can help maintain better water quality by reducing waste and pollution. Granules Description : Granules are small, grain-like feed particles that are designed to be easily consumed by fish, particularly those with smaller mouths or at juvenile stages. Usage : Ideal for young fish (fry) or smaller fish species that require a finer feed particle. Benefits : Size Appropriateness : The small size of granules makes them easy for small fish to eat without difficulty. Nutrient Density : Granules are formulated to be nutritionally complete, providing essential vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients needed for growth and health. Ease of Digestion : Their small size and uniform composition ensure that fish can easily digest the feed, promoting better nutrient absorption. Reduced Waste : Minimizes uneaten feed, which can help maintain better water quality by reducing waste and pollution.

15. Flakes Description : Flakes are thin, flat pieces of feed made from a mixture of ingredients that are processed and then flaked. They are usually designed to float initially and then gradually sink. Usage : Commonly used for ornamental fish in aquariums rather than large-scale aquaculture. Ideal for fish that feed at or near the water surface. Benefits : Accessibility : Easily accessible to small and surface-feeding fish, ensuring they get adequate nutrition. Versatility : Flakes can be crumbled into smaller pieces, making them suitable for fish of various sizes and stages. Nutrient-Rich : Formulated to provide a balanced diet with essential vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients needed for fish health and growth. Easy Digestion : The thin structure makes it easier for fish to digest and absorb nutrients.

16. Components of Artificial Feed Proteins : Essential for growth and tissue repair. Fats : Provide energy and essential fatty acids. Carbohydrates : Supply energy. Vitamins and Minerals : Crucial for various physiological functions. Additives : May include pigments, binders, and preservatives to enhance the feed's properties.