Types of materials (Conductors, Semiconductors, Insulators).pptx

Types of Materials includes Conductors Semiconductors and insulators

1. TYPES OF MATERIALS: CONDUCTOR, SEMICONDUCTOR AND INSULATOR Presented by: Janhavi Pithore Atharva Gambhir Shweta Ghare

2. INTRODUCTION Materials are classified based on their electrical properties into three main categories: conductors, semiconductors, and insulators. Understanding their properties is crucial for designing electronic systems, ensuring efficient energy transfer, reliable performance, and safety in a wide range of applications. Used in electrical wiring and electronic devices like smartphones and computers, LEDs, etc.

3. CONDUCTOR Definition: Materials that allow electric current to flow easily. Characteristics: It ensures free movement of electrons or ions through it. It has a zero electric field inside, which permits the movement of electrons or ions. Have low resistance High thermal conductivity. Examples: Copper, aluminum, gold, silver.

4. How conductor works? In conductors, valence band and conduction band overlaps allowing electrons to flow through it even when a minimal amount of voltage is applied. When there is a potential difference across two points, electrons flow from the point of lower potency to the point of higher potency. Electrons and electricity flow in opposite directions. Only a small resistance is offered by the conductor material

5. SEMICONDUCTOR Definition: Materials that have electrical conductivity between conductors and insulators; their conductivity can be altered by doping. Properties of Semiconductor: Conductivity varies with temperature and impurities. Their resistivity is higher than conductors but lesser than insulators . The resistance of semiconductor materials decreases with an increase in temperature and vice-versa. Example: Silicon, Germanium, Arsenide, and the elements near the ‘metalloid-staircase’ on the periodic table.

6. Two types of semiconductors: Intrinsic semiconductor: Germanium (Ge) and silicon (Si) are the most common types of intrinsic semiconductor elements Extrinsic semiconductor: Classified further in two types viz. n-type and p-type of semiconductor