Types of Research

This PPt tells about Types of Research, Introduction Nature of qualitative and quantitative research, Research in functional areas of management, Process of Research

1. Dr.Dipali Meher [email protected] #DipaliMeher Types of Research Nature of qualitative and quantitative research Process of Research     Collected by #DipaliMeher

2. Agenda Types of Research Formulating a Research Question Nature of qualitative and quantitative research Process of Research Formulation of Research Design    Collected by #DipaliMeher

3. TYPES OF RESEARCH Collected by #DipaliMeher

4. Types of Research : Descriptive vs. Analytical Descriptive research includes surveys and fact-finding enquiries of different kinds. The major purpose of descriptive research is description of the state of affairs as it exists at present. The main characteristic of this method is that the researcher has no control over the variables; he can only report what has happened or what is happening. Ex post facto research projects are used for descriptive studies in which the researcher seeks to measure such items as, for example, frequency of shopping, preferences of people, or similar data. Ex post facto studies also include attempts by researchers to discover causes even when they cannot control the variables. The methods of research utilized in descriptive research are survey methods of all kinds, including comparative and correlational methods. In analytical research, on the other hand, the researcher has to use facts or information already available, and analyze these to make a critical evaluation of the material. Collected by #DipaliMeher

5. Types of Research : Applied vs. Fundamental Research can either be applied (or action) research or fundamental (to basic or pure) research. Applied research aims at finding a solution for an immediate problem facing a society or an industrial/business organisation, fundamental research is mainly concerned with generalisations and with the formulation of a theory. “Gathering knowledge for knowledge’s sake is termed ‘pure’ or ‘basic’ research.” Research concerning some natural phenomenon or relating to pure mathematics are examples of fundamental research. Similarly, research studies, concerning human behaviour carried on with a view to make generalisations about human behaviour, are also examples of fundamental research, but research aimed at certain conclusions (say, a solution) facing a concrete social or business problem is an example of applied research. The central aim of applied research is to discover a solution for some pressing practical problem, whereas basic research is directed towards finding information that has a broad base of applications and thus, adds to the already existing organized body of scientific knowledge. Collected by #DipaliMeher

6. Types of Research : Conceptual vs. Empirical Conceptual research is that related to some abstract idea(s) or theory. It is generally used by philosophers and thinkers to develop new concepts or to reinterpret existing ones. Empirical research relies on experience or observation alone, often without due regard for system and theory. It is data-based research, coming up with conclusions which are capable of being verified by observation or experiment. We can also call it as experimental type of research. In such a research it is necessary to get at facts firsthand, at their source, and actively to go about doing certain things to stimulate the production of desired information. In such a research, the researcher must first provide himself with a working hypothesis or guess as to the probable results. He then works to get enough facts (data) to prove or disprove his hypothesis. He then sets up experimental designs which he thinks will manipulate the persons or the materials concerned so as to bring forth the desired information. Such research is thus characterised by the experimenter’s control over the variables under study and his deliberate manipulation of one of them to study its effects. Empirical research is appropriate when proof is sought that certain variables affect other variables in some way. Evidence gathered through experiments or empirical studies is today considered to be the most powerful support possible for a given hypothesis. Collected by #DipaliMeher

7. Types of Research : Quantitative vs. Qualitative Quantitative research is based on the measurement of quantity or amount. It is applicable to phenomena that can be expressed in terms of quantity. Qualitative research, on the other hand, is concerned with qualitative phenomenon, i.e., phenomena relating to or involving quality or kind. For instance, when we are interested in investigating the reasons for human behaviour (i.e., why people think or do certain things), we quite often talk of ‘Motivation Research’, an important type of qualitative research. This type of research aims at discovering the underlying motives and desires, using in depth interviews for the purpose. Other techniques of such research are word association tests, sentence completion tests, story completion tests and similar other projective techniques. Attitude or opinion research i.e., research designed to find out how people feel or what they think about a particular subject or institution is also qualitative research. Qualitative research is specially important in the behavioural sciences where the aim is to discover the underlying motives of human behaviour. Through such research we can analyse the various factors which motivate people to behave in a particular manner or which make people like or dislike a particular thing. It may be stated, however, that to apply qualitative research in practice is relatively a difficult job and therefore, while doing such research, one should seek guidance from experimental psychologists. Collected by #DipaliMeher

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9. Difference Between Qualitative and Quantitative Research Qualitative Research Quantitative Research A method for developing a better understanding of human and social sciences, in understanding human behavior and personalities better It is the method used to generate numerical data by using a lot of techniques such as logical, statistical and mathematical techniques It employs a subjective approach It employs an objective approach It is generally expressed using words It is expressed using graphs and numbers It has open-ended questions It has multiple choice questions Qualitative research needs only a few respondents Quantitative research requires many respondents The data collection methods involved are interviews, focus groups, literature review, ethnography The data collection methods involved are experiments, surveys, and observations expressed in  numbers Qualitative research is holistic in nature Quantitative Research is particularistic in nature Collected by #DipaliMeher

10. Difference Between Qualitative and Quantitative Research Qualitative Research Quantitative Research The reasoning used to synthesize data in this research is inductive The reasoning used to synthesise data in this research is deductive This method involves a process-oriented inquiry This method does not involve a process-oriented inquiry It develops the initial understanding of data It recommends a final course of action The data taken in the Qualitative research method is pretty verbal The data taken in this method is pretty measurable The objective of this research method is to engage and discover various ideas The main objective of Quantitative research is to examine the cause and effect between the variables It is one of the exploratory research methods It is a conclusive research method Collected by #DipaliMeher

11. Types of Research : Other Types of Research Based on any variations of above methods Based on the purpose of research, Based on the time required to accomplish research Based on the environment in which research is done Based on the basis of some other similar factor. one-time research or longitudinal research. field-setting research or laboratory research or simulation research clinical or diagnostic research.( Case study Approach) Exploratory research- has hypothesis Historical research- historical sources like documents Conclusion-oriented Decision-oriented Collected by #DipaliMeher

12. Research Method Vs Research Methodology Research methods may be understood as all those methods/techniques that are used for conduction of research. Research methods or techniques use in performing research operations all those methods which are used by the researcher during the course of studying his research problem are termed as research methods. Such as data collection, analysis methods and accuracy methods used to measure accuracy in data as well as in result. Research methodology is a way to systematically solve the research problem. (analysis and accuracy methods) 12 Collected by #DipaliMeher

13. #DipaliMeher RESEARCH METHOD RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research methods are the methods used by researchers to collect data to conduct research on a particular research topic. A Research methodology is systematic approach to solve the research problem and to reach a new conclusion. The objective of the research method is to find the solution . The objective of the research methodology is to determine the solution by applying correct procedures of research. Research methods are useful to apply during the latter stage of the research process. Research methodologies are applied in the initial stage of the research being conducted. Research methods are small part of research methodology. A Research methodology is a multi-dimensional concept. Research methods consist of various techniques where various studies and experiments are used to conduct research and reach an appropriate conclusion. Research methodologies are used applied during the initial stage of the research to explain the purpose of chosen methods and how they will serve its function. Research methods consist of different investigation techniques. Research methodologies is a systematic  strategy  to achieve the decided objective. Research method encompasses of carrying out an experiment, survey, test and so on. Research methodology encompasses different techniques which are used during the  performance  of the experiment, surveys, and test, etc. Collected by #DipaliMeher

14. Research Process Formulating the research problem Extensive literature survey Development of working hypotheses Preparing the research design Determining sample design Collecting the data Analysis of data Execution of the project Hypothesis-testing Generalisations and interpretation Preparation of the report or the thesis Collected by #DipaliMeher

15. Model of Research Process Experience and Motivation Literature Review Research Questions(s) Conceptual Framework Survey Design & Creation Experiment Case Study Action Research Ethnography interviews Observation Questionnaires Documents Quantitative Qualitative Data Generation Methods Data Analysis Strategies 15 Usually 1:1 often 1:N Collected by #DipaliMeher

16. Model of Research Process: Strategies Survey Design & Creation Experiment Case Study Action Research Ethnography 16 Collected by #DipaliMeher

17. Model of Research Process: Strategies Survey Example : For instance, as an organization looking to find out how many persons are using your product in a particular location, you can administer  survey research  to collect useful quantitative data. Other quantitative  research  methods include polls, face-to-face interviews, and systematic observation. Collected by #DipaliMeher

18. Model of Research Process: Strategies Example : - Artefacts Models Methods Procedures Algorithms software hardware Design & Creation Collected by #DipaliMeher

19. Model of Research Process: Strategies Example : After second dose of vaccination very few peoples are affected by covid-19 Experiment 19 Collected by #DipaliMeher

20. Model of Research Process: Strategies Example: foot ware sale in Australia ASMA Group of institutes Case Study Collected by #DipaliMeher

21. Model of Research Process: Strategies Example: Would differently types of learning enhance student understanding. CBCS course pattern is the best example Action Research Collected by #DipaliMeher

22. Model of Research Process: Strategies Example : stack overflow Ethnography Collected by #DipaliMeher

23. References Collected by # DipaliMeher Research methodology techniques and methods https://ccsuniversity.ac.in/bridge-library/pdf/Research-Methodology-CR-Kothari.pdf   by New age International publishers. By C. R Kothari Researching Information Systems and Computing Sage Publications by Oates B J