Types of soil

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Types Of Soil
Alluvial Soil
Black Soil
Red Soil
Mountain Soil
Desert Soil
Saline & Alkaline Soil
Peaty & Marshy Soil
Residual Soil
Marine Soil
Glacial Soil
Aeolian Soil

1. TYPES OF SOIL Name: Ajay J. Rathod Year: T.Y.D. Civil Roll No: 80 1 MSU POLYTECHINIC Welcome

2. Types of Soil 2 Alluvial Soils Black Soils Red Soils Mountain Soils Desert Soils Saline & Alkaline soil Peaty & Marshy soil Residual soils Marine soil Glacial soil Aeolian soil

3. Alluvial Soil ALLUVIAL  soil  is  formed when   a soil carrying   stream,   gradually   loses  its   carrying capacity   with   decreasing   ve-locity.   In   slowing down , a  river  does  not   have   suffic-ient  power  to keep the large particles of soil suspended; these particles settle to the riverbed. Further decrease in velocity causes smaller particles to settle. These particles are deposited, finally, at the mouth of the river, where they form DELTAS of fine-grained soil. 3

4. Alluvial Soil 4 It is the most important type of soil found in India covering about 40 per cent of the total land area. It is very fertile and contributes the largest share of agricultural wealth. This soil supports nearly half of the Indian population. The alluvial soil is found mostly in the Northern Plains, starting from Punjab in the west to West Bengal and Assam in the east. It is also found in the deltas of the Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri rivers in the Peninsular India. The northern parts and the coastal areas of Gujarat also have some deposits of alluvial soil. Many rivers originate from the Himalayan Mountains and bring a large amount of sediment with them. It is deposited in the river valleys and the flood plains. Thus, the parent material of the alluvial soils is always of transported origin. The fine particles of sand, silt and clay are called alluvium. The alluvial soil can be divided into old alluvium, also called bangar, and new alluvium, called khadar. Remember, the new alluvium can be about ten thousand years old.

5. Alluvial Soil 5

6. BLACK SOIL 6 BLACK SOIL Also known as Regur or Black Cotton soil. Dark grey to Black in color. High clay content. Highly moisture retentive. Develops cracks in summer. Highly suitable for cotton. Rich in iron, lime, calcium , Magnesium, carbonates , and alumina.

7. BLACK SOIL 7 The black soil is mostly found in the Deccan Trap, covering large areas of Maharashtra, Gujarat and western Madhya Pradesh. It is also found in some parts of Godavari and Krishna river valleys, covering parts of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. This soil is made up of extremely fine clayey material. The black soil is well-known for its capacity to hold moisture. The black soil has been formed thousands of years ago, due to the solidification of volcanic lava . During the rainy season, black soil becomes sticky and is difficult to till as the plough gets stuck in the mud.

8. BLACK SOIL 8

9. RED SOIL 9 RED SOIL Formed due to weathering of old crystalline rocks. More sandy and less clayey. Rich in iron, small amount of Humus. Poor in phosphorus, nitrogen and lime. Slightly acidic and do not retain moisture. Porous and Friable.

10. RED SOIL 10 Most of the red soil has been formed due to weathering of igneous and metamorphic rocks. The red colour is due to the high percentage of iron contents. The texture of the red soil varies from sandy to clayey, and the majority being loamy. On the uplands, the red soil is thin, poor, and porous and has loose gravel. In the lower areas, the soil is deep, rich, fine grained and fertile. The red soil occupies about 10 per cent area of India, mostly in the south-eastern part of the Peninsular India. This area encircles the entire black soil region. The red soil is found in Tamil Nadu, parts of Karnataka, southeast Maharashtra, eastern parts of Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and Jharkhand.

11. RED SOIL 11

12. MOUNTAIN SOIL 12 MOUNTAIN SOIL Found in hill slopes. Formed by deposition of organic matter from forest. Rich in humus. Poor in Potash and Lime. Areas : Assam, Kashmir, Sikkim & Arunachal Pradesh. Crops : Tea, Coffee, Spices & Tropical Fruits.

13. MOUNTAIN SOIL 13 The mountain soil is formed mainly due to the deposition of organic matter provided by the forests. This soil is rich in humus, but poor in potash, phosphorus and lime. It is heterogeneous in nature and varies from place to place. The mountain soil is sandy with gravels. The mountain soil is generally found on the hill slopes covered with forests. In the Himalayan region such soil is mainly found in the valley basins, the depressions and the lesser steep slopes. The north-facing slopes generally support soil cover. Apart from the Himalayan region, this soil is also found in the Western and Eastern Ghats and in some parts of the Peninsular India.

14. MOUNTAIN SOIL 14

15. DESERT SOIL 15 DESERT SOIL Contains soluble salts. Originated by Mechanical disintegration & wind deposit. Porous and coarse. 90% sand & 5% clay. Rich in Nitrates & Phosphates. Poor in Nitrogen & Humus. Friable, sandy & low moist content .

16. DESERT SOIL 16 The desert soil is found mostly in the arid and semi-arid regions, receiving less than 50 cm of annual rainfall. Such regions are mostly found in Rajasthan and the adjoining areas of Haryana and Punjab. The Ran of Kutch in Gujarat is an extension of this region. The sand in the desert areas is partly of local origin and partly being blown in from the Indus Valley. It includes even the wind-blown loses . The desert soil has sand (90 to 95 per cent) and clay (5 to 10 per cent). In some regions this soil has high percentage of soluble salts, but lacks in organic matter. The nitrogen content is low, but the phosphate content is as high as in normal alluvial soil.

17. DESERT SOIL 17

18. Saline & Alkaline soil 18 SALINE & ALKALINE SOIL Contains salts like Sodium, Magnesium, Calcium. Infertile, unfit for cultivation. Sandy to loamy in texture. Areas : Parts of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, U.P & Maharashtra.

19. Saline & Alkaline soil 19

20. Peaty & Marshy soil 20 PEATY AND MARSHY SOIL Occur in Humid region. Formed by accumulation of organic matter. Black in colour. Highly acidic and heavy . Areas: Kottayam & Alleppey in Kerala, Coastal Orissa, Sundarbans of W.B

21. Peaty & Marshy soil 21

22. Residual soils 22 Residual soils are those that remain at the place of their formation as result of the weathering of the parent rocks. The depth of residual soils depends primarily on climatic conditions and the time of espouser. In temperate zones residual soils are commonly stiff and stable. An important characteristics of residual soil is that the sizes of grains are indefinite.

23. Residual soils 23

24. Marine soil 24 MARINE soil is formed   from materials carried into the seas by streams and by material eroded from the beaches by the tidal action of the waves.  Part  of  the  material  is  carried  out  and deposited in deep water; part is heaped upon the beaches  along  the  coast

25. Marine soil 25

26. Glacial soil 26 Glaciers carry with them soils varying in size from fine grained to huge boulder. Soil get mixed with the ice and are transported far away from their original position. Drift is a general term used for the deposits made by glaciers

27. Glacial soil 27

28. Aeolian soil 28 A type of soil that is transported from one place to another by the wind.e.g sand dunes,loess.

29. Aeolian soil 29

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