Typhoid fever

TYPHOID FEVER

1. TYPHOID FEVER PRESENTED BY: Anjali.c I year M.Pharm , Department of Pharmacy Practice Grace college of pharmacy

2. TYPHOID Typhoid fever — also known simply as typhoid An acute, highly infectious disease caused by a bacillus (Salmonella typhi )

3. EPIDEMIOLOGY

4. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS AGENT FACTORS AGENT

5. RESERVOIR OF INFECTION CASES CARRIERS Convalescent carriers Chronic carriers SOURCE OF INFECTION Primary sources -faeces and urine of cases or carriers. Secondary sources-contaminated water , food,fingers and flies.

6. HOST FACTORS AGE: Highest incidence of this disease occurs in the 5-19 years of age groups. SEX : More case are reported among males IMMUNITY ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL FACTORS

7. INCUBATION PERIOD Usually 10-14 day, But it may be as short as 3 days or as long as 3 weeks depending upon the dose of the bacilli ingested.

8. MODES OF TRANSMISSION Typhoid fever is transmitted via Faecal-oral route Urine-oral route

9. CLINICAL FEATURES Constipation, then diarrhea , Fevers up to 103 ° or 104° Weakness Headaches Poor appetite Generalized aches and pains Diarrhea Occasionally a rash of flat, rose-colored spots Discomfort Abdominal Tenderness

10. Bloody Stools Nosebleed Chills Delirium Confusion Agitation Fluctuating moods Hallucinations

11. Stages of Typhoid Fever

12. LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF TYPHOID MICROBIOLOGICAL PROCEDURES Diagnosis is made by isolation of S.typhi from bood,bone marrow and stool . SEROLOGICAL PROCEDURES The Widal test is commonly used to diagnose Typhoid.

13. NEW DIAGNOSTIC TEST IDL Tubex test:which detect IgM09 antibodies from patient within a few minutes. Typhidot:is another rapid serological test takes three hours to perform,it detect specific IgM and IgG antibodies against a 50 KD antigen of S.typhi Typhidot M: a new version of typhidot test detect specific IgM antibodies only.

14. CONTROL OF TYPHOID FEVER There are generally three lines of defence against typhoid fever Control of reservoir Control of sanitation Immunization

15. In most cases typhoid fever is not fatal. Antibiotics such as ampicillin , chloramphenicol , trimethethoprim-sulfamethoxazole , and ciprofloxican . These antibiotics have been used in most developed countries. Chloramphenicol was the original prescribed drug to patients with Typhoid Fever.

16. ANTI-TYPHOID VACCINES There are two types of vaccinations available: Inactive (killed) vaccine in a shot (Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine) Live, attenuated (weakened) vaccine taken orally (Ty21a)

17. How can Typhoid be avoided ? Avoid risky foods or drinks Get vaccinated Use only clean water Ask for drinks without ice unless you know where it’s coming from Only eat foods that have been thoroughly cooked Avoid raw fruits and vegetables Avoid food and drinks from street vendors

18. THANK U………………..