UCSP - New Challenges to human adaptation and social Changes

Some Of The Ten Global Challenges According To The Annual Meeting Of World Economist:

Unfair labor practice
Unequal distribution of wealth of the state which is tantamount to income inequality,
Global financial crisis due to a significant drop in public trust and confidence in financial institutions which can be translated to increase of unemployment and scarcity of basic human needs like food and health care, climate change, the future of the internet and gender issues.

What is Global Warming and Climate Change?

There are two school of thoughts emerging from this issue. One is it is "man-made" and the other one is it is a "natural phenomena." Whatever, the issue is irreversible and destructive.

Global warming and climate change refer to an increase in average global temperatures. This is caused by increase in "greenhouse" gases such as Carbon Dioxide (CO₂).
 
A warming planet thus leads to a change in climate which can affect weather in various ways. While effective measures can decrease global warming and other problems the World community has repeatedly failed to establish cooperation. In the Philippines only, the government as well as non- state institutions remind always the people to prevent from throwing their trashes anywhere, conserve water, prevent illegal logging, dispose there old dilapidated vehicles that emit too much Carbon and avoid CFC gases, still people are continuously defying these reminders and do their own unhelpful ways.

1. NEW CHALLENGES TO HUMAN ADAPTATION AND SOCIAL CHANGE

2. Some Of The Ten Global Challenges According To The Annual Meeting Of World Economist: Unfair labor practice Unequal distribution of wealth of the state which is tantamount to income inequality, Global financial crisis due to a significant drop in public trust and confidence in financial institutions which can be translated to increase of unemployment and scarcity of basic human needs like food and health care, climate change, the future of the internet and gender issues.

3. What is Global Warming and Climate Change? There are two school of thoughts emerging from this issue. One is it is "man-made" and the other one is it is a " natural phenomena ." Whatever, the issue is irreversible and destructive. Global warming and climate change refer to an increase in average global temperatures. This is caused by increase in "greenhouse" gases such as Carbon Dioxide (CO₂).   A warming planet thus leads to a change in climate which can affect weather in various ways. While effective measures can decrease global warming and other problems the World community has repeatedly failed to establish cooperation. In the Philippines only, the government as well as non- state institutions remind always the people to prevent from throwing their trashes anywhere, conserve water, prevent illegal logging, dispose there old dilapidated vehicles that emit too much Carbon and avoid CFC gases, still people are continuously defying these reminders and do their own unhelpful ways.

4. Effect of Global Warming Humanity and to Mother Earth. 1. Rapid global heating. The Earth's average land temperature has warmed nearly 1°C in the past 50 years as a result of human activity. global greenhouse gas emissions. 2. Hence, dramatic increase in greenhouse gas emissions have grown by nearly 80% since 1970, and atmospheric concentrations of the major greenhouse gases are at their highest level in 800,000 years. 3. Ozone loss intensified by global warming 4. Ozone loss likely to worsen global warming 5. Warming of the oceans leads to increased greenhouse gasses 6. Glaze ice or ice berg melting will magnify global warming 7. Oceanic changes observed that may aggravate the situation 8. A vicious circle whereby each problem will exacerbate. Other problems which will feedback into each other. 9. Massive extinction of species will aggravate the environmental crisis 10. Sudden collapse of biological and ecological systems may occur, but will have a very slow recovery.

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6. Impact of Climate Change to Human Person Due to climate change various sicknesses and serious environmental conditions may occur to every individual person in a society throughout the world. If there is a severe weather it causes injuries and fatalities or loss of life. If there is air pollution it brings sicknesses like asthma and cardiovascular disease. If there is natural disaster and land loss, it brings about forced migration and civil conflict.

7. Causes Of Climate Change As regards to causes of climate change, there are two school of thoughts, one is " man-made ." Like the increase of greenhouse gas emissions. These greenhouse gas emissions have heightened the greenhouse effect and caused Earth's surface temperature to rise. The primary human activity affecting the amount and rate of climate change is greenhouse gas emissions from the burning of fossil fuels, like in highly Industrial setting or country.

8. " Migration is an economic, social and political process that affects those who move, those who stay behind, and the places where they go ." (Reyes, 2009). Nina Glick Schiller defines transnational as " those persons who having migrated from one nation-state to another live their lives across borders , participating simultaneously in social relations that embed them in more than one nation-state" In simple words, it is the movement of a person or a group of people, to settle in another place, often across a political or administrative boundary . Migration can be temporal or permanent, and it may be voluntary or forced . Ban Ki-Moon , UN Secretary General, said "There are 232million people living outside their country of birth, including myself. All of us are part of a productive global economy that benefits our world as a whole." Transnational Migration and Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs)

9. There are two important terms that relate to migration: 1. Immigration (people coming in from other countries) 2. Emigration (people leaving their home country) Emigration is when people move out to new places , and the migrants involved are called emigrants. Immigration is when people move from other places into a place to settle. Such migrants are called immigrants.

10. Migration has been a constant part of human history, with evidence of people relocating over long distances to settle in new regions. A notable example is the migration from Asia to North and South America via the Bering Strait land bridge. Throughout history, large-scale migrations have occurred, often triggered by specific events of the era.   During the Industrial Revolution (1843-1939), over 50 millions left Europe for countries like the USA, Canada, Argentina, and New Zealand, driven by the desire to escape poverty and recurrent crop failures. Today, while migration continues to be influenced by similar motivations, advancements in transportation, navigation technology, and communication have made it easier for people to move. However, this ease is counterbalanced by stricter policies, laws, and controls at borders than in the past.  

11. Forms of Migration

12. 1. Intercontinental Migration ( Regional migration or Internal migration .) It is when the movement is across continents , such as from Korea (Asia) to Brazil (South America). If the movement is on the same continent, we say intercontinental migration. Sometimes, people migrate from one place to the other within the same region, continent or country.

13. 2. Rural-Urban Migration   This involves the movement of people from rural areas or countryside to urban areas of the same country in search of new opportunities and lifestyles. 3. Forced or Involuntary Migration   This is when the government or authorities of a place force people to migrate for a reason .

14. 4. Impelled Migration (also called reluctant or imposed migration)   Here, no one is forced to migrate but due to some push factors such as war, hunger and other difficult conditions, people decide to leave .   5. Seasonal Migration   Sometimes people move during specific seasons such as crop harvesting and climate to work and then go back when the season is over.

15. 6. Return Migration   This involves the voluntary return of migrants to their original place after they outlive the reasons for which they left. Often times, young people who move into the cities to work return home when they retire to spend the rest of their lives in the quiet of their towns and with old friends and family.   7. Long and Short-term Migration   People may consider migrating for good if the condition in their home is one that is threatening . For example, people move for better health care if they have some disease that requires some level of attention that can only be received in another place. On the other hand, it may be temporal in nature. For example, a person may study in another place, but may decide to stay and work for many years before going back for good.

16. The Impact of Migration on the Philippines Disadvantages   1. Loss of skilled labor or "Brain drain"   The biggest negative impact on the country of exit perhaps is the fact that young graduates (or skilled labor and professional) leave to offer their services to other countries. In many years Filipino doctors, nurses, engineers, teachers, accountants and very bright professionals migrated to other country, a great loss on Philippine economy.   2. Social or Family   When parents leave, children and other dependents suffer the most, as they lose out on the important psychological development that they need from good parenting. Many of the children are exposed to social vices at an early age because there is no parental control.

17. The Impact of Migration on the Philippines Advantages 1. Remittances   It is known that migrants send lots of monies home to support their family. That is a massive flow of foreign exchange or funds that the local government and families can tap into for development and economic growth. 2. Better job prospects for locals   When the Filipino leave, there is less pressure for jobs, and people are more likely to find something to do.   3. Knowledge and skills flow   Particularly for short-term and seasonal migration, migrants often bring home new ideas, skills and knowledge that they have acquired from their travel. Many businesses, farm practices, and economic ventures have been started by people who got ideas and knowledge during the times they spent in migration.

18. What is Illegal Migration? Every nation, country or colony often has rules and laws that control and regulate people who come in from other places. Migration becomes illegal if people do not have the permission of the country or borders they are entering into. In recent time, illegal migration has been on the rise. Illegal migration is often fueled by pull factors. People sneak into other countries by land or sea, and other organized groups help people to sneak into other countries to work illegally . This is known as human trafficking. Many of the illegal migrants involved end up in very difficult and dangerous situations, as they do not have the proper documents to get a job. The flow of illegal migrants is often from poorer countries to richer countries. The people involved often are not the poorest in their home countries. They tend to be people with a lot of information, knowledge, ambition and motivation, which often fuels their desire to migrate for better life.

19. Undocumented Immigrants   These are people who live in a place without permission and the authorities have no record of them like some of our Filipino workers who are victim of illegal recruiters. It also includes people who visit a country for tourism or education or health purposes legally, but do NOT go back we like our TNTs or " tago -ng- tago ." This means even though they went there legally, they are now illegal immigrants because they have out-stayed the time period they were given . In a similar way, immigrants who have expired documents , or who came in with fake documents all fall under undocumented immigrants.

20. Conclusion   We cannot restrict or escape challenges to come to us as humans and citizens of this world, as human society advances in all aspects of human endeavor. What we can do is to be vigilant and be ready to all the challenges will come our way.

21. LESSON 2 RESPONDING TO CHANGE

22. Inclusive Citizenship and Participatory Governance What is Inclusive Citizenship?   Inclusive means covering or including everything according to the electronic dictionary of Merriam-Webster . In other word " all. " Citizenship is simply membership in a community or the quality of an individual's response to membership in a community (society or state), from the electronic dictionary of Merriam-Webster. And who are the citizen of every state? In the Philippines the citizen of the state is described in the 1987 Philippine Constitution.  

23. Who are classified as Philippine citizens?   Under the 1987 Philippine Constitution, Article IV, Section 1, it states that: Section 1. The following are citizens of the Philippines:   1. Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this Constitution ;   2. Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines;   3. Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of majority ; and   4. Those who are naturalized in accordance of law .

24. Qualities of Citizenship The idea of citizenship begins with the accountability of the government to its citizens , such as the right of each citizen to vote , and for each vote to share an equal value. Each citizen should have equal access to all rights, and should each have the right to petition for access to their rights. This includes their equal rights to public funds , and all general rights. In cases where inequity or injustice or discrimination exists, a citizen should have the right to petition their state for his loss of rights and have his situation discussed in a fair environment.   So, that is what and how to be a Filipino citizen. Now what is this terms inclusive citizenship ? Inclusive citizenship is a governing policy directed at giving all citizens a strong feeling that they are a part of the overall society . Inclusive citizenship policies include laws that provide non-segregated, that is, not separated or divided, access to all citizens, regardless of their race, gender, religious affiliation and socio-economic status. This includes access to public funds, public organizations, egalitarian (equal) rights and acceptance by national figures. While a government can never guarantee equality in all private organizations, inclusive citizenship focuses on the legal rights of all individuals in cases where the government determines their rights of inclusion. In terms of legal equality for each citizen. The policies focus on the rights that the government provides for its citizens, such as equal voting rights, equal right to serve in the military, equal right to marry, equal tax responsibilities and equal right to represent others in your government.

25. Benefits of Inclusive Citizenship   Inclusive citizenship establishes a governing foundation that makes the citizens feel like their government hears them . When citizens feel like their government will hear and respect their ideas, they are more inclined to voice their grievances through proper channels, such as petitioning a representative to investigate their situations. Additionally, feelings of inclusion can motivate the citizenry to participate in the government , raising voter turnout, civic participation and a greater willingness to serve in the military.  

26. Disadvantages of Exclusive Citizenship   In contrast to exclusive citizenship, exclusive citizenship, or general governing policies that dictate differing rights to people based on elements such as race, gender or socioeconomic status, create government fragility and unhappy citizenry. Government fragility is a feeling amongst citizens that their government fails to consider them part of society . Citizens often feel disenfranchised, and this can leave them questioning the legitimacy of their government. Unhappy citizens are also less inclined to provide other services to the government, such as volunteering to serve in the military or actively participating in the election process.

27. What is Participatory Governance ? Participatory governance centers on intensifying democratic engagement through the participation of citizens in the processes of governance with the state . The idea is that citizens should play a more direct roles in public decision-making or at least engage more deeply with political issues. Government officials should also be responsive to this kind of engagement. In practice, participatory governance can supplement the roles of citizens as voters or as watchdogs through more direct forms of involvement (IDS, 2006).

28. New Forms of Media and Social Networking   The term news media refers to the groups that communicate information and news to people . Most Filipinos get their information about government from the news media because it would be impossible to gather all the news themselves. Media outlets have responded to the increasing reliance of Filipinos on television and the Internet by making the news even more readily available to people. There are three main types of news media: print media, broadcast media, and the Internet.

29. 1. Print Media   In the Philippines the print media is called the " Tradition of Freedom " since it becomes the sole instrument that stand-out before, during and after Martial Rule even at present it becomes the voice of the people to express their sentiments and appreciation to the government.   The oldest media forms are newspapers, magazines, journals, newsletters , and other printed material. These publications are collectively known as the print media . Although print media readership has declined in the last few decades, many Filipinos still read a newspaper every day or a newsmagazine on a regular basis. The influence of print media is therefore significant. Regular readers of print media tend to be more likely to be politically active.   The print media is responsible for more reporting than other news sources. Many news reports on television, for example, are merely follow-up stories about news that first appeared in newspapers. The top Filipino newspapers, such as Philippine Daily Inquirer, Manila Bulletin, and the Philippine Star, often set the agenda for many other media sources.

30. 2. The Newspaper Because of its history of excellence and influence, the Philippine Daily Inquirer and the Philippine Star are sometimes called the newspaper of record : If a story is not in these newspapers, they are not important.   3 . Broadcast Media   Broadcast media are news reports broadcast via radio and television. Television news is hugely important in the Philippines because more Filipinos get their news from television broadcasts than from any other source.  

31. 4. Television News   The main broadcast networks- ABS-CBN and GMA-7 - each have a news division that broadcasts a nightly news show. For the past fifty years, most Filipinos watched one or more of these broadcasts. Since 1986, however, cable news channels have chipped away at the broadcast networks. CNN and MSNBC both broadcast news around the clock. Because the cable news channels are always broadcasting news programs, many people who want to follow a story closely tune in to these stations. The relatively new Fox network news program has also drawn numerous viewers away from the big three networks. 5. Radio News   The other type of broadcast media is radio . Before the advent of television in the 1950s, most Filipinos relied on radio broadcasts for their news. Although fewer Filipinos rely on radio as their primary news source, many people still listen to radio news every day, especially during morning and evening commutes. Local news stations have a particularly large audience because they can report on local weather, traffic, and events.

32. 6. Talk Radio   Since the 1980s, talk radio has emerged as a major force in broadcasting. Talk radio is a radio format in which the hosts mix interviews with political commentary . As a result, many talk radio shows are highly partisan. Conservatives have a strong hold on American talk radio through programs hosted by influential commentators, such as Paeng Yabut and Ka Totoy Talastas .   7. The Internet   The Internet is slowly transforming the news media because more Filipinos are relying on online sources of news instead of traditional print and broadcast media. Filipinos surf the sites of more traditional media outlets, such as NBC, Al Jazeera and CNN, but also turn to unique online news sources such as weblogs. Websites can provide text, audio, and video information, all of the ways traditional media are transmitted. The web also allows for a more interactive approach by allowing people to personally tailor the news they receive via personalized web portals, newsgroups, podcasts, and RSS feeds. Weblogs -known colloquially as blogs have become very influential since the start of the twenty-first century. Leading bloggers write their opinions on a variety of issues, and thousands of people respond on message boards. Although many blogs are highly partisan and inaccurate, a few have been instrumental in breaking big stories.

33. Social Networking Social networking is one of the most active web-based happenings in the Philippines , with Filipinos being acknowledged as the most active users on a number of web-based social network sites such as MySpace , Yahoo Chat, Friendster, Facebook, and Twitter. The use of social networking website has become so widespread in the Philippines that the country has been identified as " The Social Networking Capital of the World ," and has also become part of Filipino cyber-culture. Social networking is also used in the Philippines as a form of election campaign material, like what happened in the last election-2016 presidential election, as well as tools to aid criminal investigation, such as showing the pictures of criminals on Facebook and uploading videos of a crime on YouTube. Social networking is the use of internet-based social media programs to make connections with friends, family, classmates, customers and clients . Social networking can be done for social purposes, business purposes or both. The programs show the associations between individuals and facilitate the acquisition of new contacts. Examples of social networking have included Facebook, LinkedIn, Classmates.com and Yelp.

34. Social Movements While technology, population, environment factors, and racial inequality can prompt social change, only when members of a society organize into social movements does true social change occur. The phrase social movements refers to collective activities designed to bring about or resist primary changes in an existing society or group. Wherever they occur, social movements can dramatically shape the direction of society. When individuals and groups of people-civil rights activists and other visionaries, for instance transcend traditional bounds, they may bring about major shifts in social policy and structures. Even when they prove initially unsuccessful, social movements do affect public opinion. Social scientists interest themselves in why social movements emerge. Do feelings of discontent, desires for a "change of pace," or even yearnings for "change for the sake of change" cause these shifts? Sociologists use two theories to explain why people mobilize for change: relative deprivation and resource mobilization .

35. A. Relative Deprivation When members of a society become dissatisfied or frustrated with their social, economic, and political situation, they yearn for changes. Social scientists have long noted that the actual conditions that people live under may not be at fault, but people's perceptions of their conditions are. Relative deprivation refers to the negative perception that differences exist between wants and actualities . In other words, people may not actually be deprived when they believe they are. A relatively deprived group is disgruntled because they feel less entitled or privileged than a particular reference group . For example, a middle-class family may feel relatively deprived when they compare their house to that of their upper-class physician. For social discontent to translate into social movement, members of the society must feel that they deserve, or have a right to, more wealth, power, or status than they have . The dissatisfied group must also conclude that it cannot attain its goals via conventional methods, whether or not this is the case. The group will organize into a social movement only if it feels that collective action will help its cause. The relative-deprivation theory takes criticism from a couple of different angles. First, some sociologists note that feelings of deprivation do not necessarily prompt people into acting. Nor must people feel deprived before acting. Moreover, this theory does not address why perceptions of personal or group deprivation cause some people to reform society, and why other perceptions do not.

36. Resource Mobilization Resource mobilization deals with how social movements mobilize resources : political pull, mass media, personnel, money, and so forth. A particular movement's effectiveness and success largely depends on how well it uses its resources. Members of a social movement normally follow a charismatic leader , who mobilizes people for a cause. Charisma can fade, and many social movements collapse when this happens. Other movements, such as bureaucratic ones, manage to last, however, usually because they are highly organized.

37. Norms of behavior develop as people become part of a social movement. The movement may require its members to dress in special ways, boycott certain products, pay dues, attend marches or rallies, recruit new members, and use new language. Concerning the latter, recent social movements have given rise to new terms like cyber-bullying, clean and green, feminists, and psychiatrically disabled. For a social movement to succeed, leaders must heighten their follower awareness of oppression. To stimulate their social movement in the 1960s and 1970s, feminists convinced women that they were being discriminated against in various arenas, including work, school, and home. Unlike the relative-deprivation theory, the resource-mobilization theory emphasizes the strategic problems faced by social movements. Specifically, any movement designed to stimulate fundamental changes will surely face resistance to its activities . Critics feel the theory does not adequately discuss the issue of how opposition influences the actions and direction of social movements.

38. Examples of Social Movement 1. Environmentalism   Today some TV documentary films present topics about the conservation of our environment. And many more groups and people from national to local governments planting trees and protecting our seas and mountains to prevent the destruction of environment, like the " Bantay-Dagat " of Palawan and " Bantay-Kalikasan " of Isabela and Cordillera provinces.   Contemporary environmentalism has moved in several directions. Many local grassroots environmental groups have emerged to deal with alleged environmental hazards. And many large and influential environmental groups have become increasingly visible politically by lobbying for causes such as energy conservation, elimination of air and water pollution as well as safety and environmental hazards, and the protection of wildlife and natural resources. Both grassroots and large. influential organizations generally work for social change within the bounds of the law via education, electoral politics, lobbying, and lawsuits. Some smaller, more radical groups, however, may resort to illegal methods, such as threats and sabotage.

39. 2. Feminism   What Feminism exactly is?   Feminism really means different things to different people. In general, feminism is a lens, a way of looking things from the perspective of a woman about the reality or events or things in life and a way to identify injustices that are happening as well as work on potential solutions. It's mostly about gender imbalances , meaning how many women and how many men are in certain professions, how women are treated in a workplace in comparison to men, why women are treated as object of pleasure in society by men etc. But feminism is also concerned with racism, homophobia, child exploitation, human trafficking etc. It's really about being observant about injustices and being committed to correcting them, not just tolerating or excusing them.   According to the dictionary , feminism is " the movement for the full social, political and economic equality of all people " such as the Gabriella and Women's Rights Movement of the Philippines.

40. Conclusion Dissent is a spirit of democracy. And social movement is one form of organized dissent. Social movements provides a possibility for articulation of grievances and problems. They bring pressure on the state, keep check over the authority needed for healthy democracy. Social movement is way of people's/segment's collective politics to express their aspirations and priorities. Without understanding politics of the people we cannot understand complexities and dynamics of political system.