Ucsp reviewer
Human Variation
• Human variability/variation – physical, biological, social, and cultural di
fferences among humans.
• Behavior – actions, attitudes, and responses shaped by culture and envir
onment.
• Cultural variation – differences in practices, beliefs, and traditions acros
s societies.
Social Identity
• Nationality – legal membership in a nation.
• Ethnicity – shared cultural identity (language, history, tradition).
• Ethnic groups – people sharing common ancestry, language, culture.
Gender & Sex
• Sex – biological differences (male, female).
• Gender – socially constructed roles and expectations.
• Types of gender
> Heterosexual – attraction to opposite sex
> Homosexual – attraction to same sex
> Gay – male attracted to male
> Lesbian – female attracted to female
> Bisexual – attraction to both male and female
> Asexual – little or no sexual attraction
> Polysexual – attraction to many genders (not all)
> Pansexual – attraction regardless of gender
> Transgender – gender identity differs from sex assigned at birth
Socio-Economic Class
• Social stratification based on wealth, education, occupation.
• Upper class, middle class, lower class.
Social Sciences
• Anthropology – study of humans, culture, and society.
• Sociology – study of social relationships and institutions.
• Political Science – study of governance, power, and politics.
Culture
Characteristics:
Learned – acquired, not inherited.
Symbolic – uses symbols (language, art).
Shared – practiced collectively.
Dynamic – changes over time.
All-encompassing – covers all aspects of life.
Elements:
Symbol - used to stand for something else
Language - known as the storehouse of culture
Technology - application of knowledge and equipment the taks
Values - culturally defined standards
Beliefs - faith of an individual
Norms - specific rules
Modes of Acquiring Culture
• Imitation – copying others.
• Indoctrination/Suggestion – direct teaching or instruction.
• Conditioning – reinforcement (reward/punishment).
Adaptation of Culture
• Parallelism – independent development of similar traits in different cult
ures.
• Diffusion – spreading of culture through contact.
• Convergence – blending/merging of cultural traits.
Perspectives in Viewing Culture
• Ethnocentrism – judging another culture based on one’s own. (William G
raham Sumner.)
• Cultural relativism – understanding culture based on its own context.