Ultrasound

techniques in ultrasoud

1. NUR AINA BINTI AB KADIR ULTRASOUND and medical applications

2. CONTENTS Introduction Components Appearances of different organs in imaging Uses Advantages and disadvantages Breast ultrasound

3. INTRODUCTION Ultrasounds are the sound waves with a frequency of greater than 20000 cycles per second(20KHz) Diagnostic : 2-10 MHz Pulse echo principle

4. components

5. Piezo -electric effect Piezo -electric crystal Electric energy ultrasonic energytissue (vice versa) Common in medical ultrasound: Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT)

6. Commonly used transducer frequency

7. Appearance of different organs on ultrasound imaging Organ reflects the ultrasound beam completely  bright with posterior acoustic shadowing eg : renal calculus

8. Appearance of different organs on ultrasound imaging Structure transmits the sound waves fully  anechoic(black) on ultrasound imaging with posterior acoustic enhancement eg : simple cyst of kidney

9. Appearance of different organs on ultrasound imaging Structure transmits and reflects ultrasound waves partially grey on ultrasound imaging Eg : tumour

10. uses Non invasive and safe mode of antenatal assessment of the fetus Non invasive screening modality for diagnosing abdominal pathologies like liver, spleen, gallbladder, biliary tree, mesentry , omentum and peritoneum Assess renal and retro- peitoneal compartments Evaluate soft tissues, bones and joints Doppler  evaluation of blood vessels Infants with open fontanellae  intracranial pathologies Breast,thyroid

11. advantages Noninvasive (no needles or injections) painless. Widely available Less expensive Does not use any ionizing radiation . Gives a clear picture of soft tissues that do not show up well on x-ray images. Preferred imaging modality for the diagnosis and monitoring of pregnant women and their unborn babies. Real-time imaging, making it a good tool for guiding minimally invasive procedures such as needle biopsies and needle aspiration.

12. Drawback of ultrasonography Ultrasound beam is not very useful for the evaluation of the: S mall and large bowel Bone and marrow pathologies Bowel gas may obscure the window for kidney, retroperitoneum , aorta and para aortic areas.

13. Breast ultrasound

14. introduction To evaluate breast abnormalities found in: Screening or diagnostic mammography During a physician performed clinical breast examination Ultrasound guided breast biopsy

15. Benefits Noninvasive Less expensive Extremely safe Gives a clear picture of soft tissues Real-time imaging (biopsies/aspiration) Detect lesions in dense breasts Limitations Many calcifications cannot be seen on ultrasound but seen on mammography

16. Ultrasound guided breast biopsy Breast biopsies are usually done on an outpatient basis . A local anesthetic will be injected into the breast to numb it. Pressing the transducer to the breast, the sonographer or radiologist will locate the lesion.

17. references Concise radiology for Undergraduates,Bhushan N.Lakhar,page 1-3 http:// www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info.cfm?pg=breastbius http:// www.imaginis.com/ultrasound/ultrasound-imaging-of-the-breasts-2