Energy and climate protection 7
as hydropower and nuclear power – are sometimes based on different calculations. Usually,
nuclear plants are assumed to have an effi ciency of 33 to 38 % in such statistics in line with
the usual effi ciencies for fossil power plants. If nuclear and hydropower are then compared
without adjusting for this effect, the share of nuclear in global power demand seems to be
much greater than the share of hydropower although the opposite is true.
Table 1.4 does not contain other energy sources, such as biomass (fi rewood and plant
residue), wind power, and solar energy, which collectively covered some 50,000 PJ of pri-
mary energy consumption in 2007.
Over the next few years, global energy consumption will continue to grow strongly. In
industrialized countries, energy consumption will not grow as quickly as it will in numer-
ous emerging economies, which have a lot of catching up to do in terms of economic
growth. Furthermore, the global population will continue to grow considerably over the
next few decades. It is therefore realistic to expect energy demand to increase by a factor
of 3 to 6 by the end of the century. The problems of our current energy supply will only
worsen as a result, as will the consequences of the greenhouse effect; likewise, fossil fuel
reserves will only be used up faster.
Figure 1.4 shows that energy demand varies greatly across the planet. Europe, Asia, and
North America make up a large share of primary energy demand, though the population
of Asia is six times greater than in Europe – and 10 times greater than in North America.
Despite their large populations, the relatively underdeveloped countries of South America
and Africa make up only a small share of global primary energy consumption today.
Below, we will have an opportunity to discuss the unequal distribution of energy con-
sumption in the context of per capita carbon emissions, which are closely related to energy
consumption.
Trends in energy demand in Germany
Up to the end of the 1970s, energy demand in Germany rose constantly; it was assumed that
economic growth and energy consumption are closely related. The oil crises of the 1970s
and 1980s changed this thinking and people’s behaviour. Energy conservation became
more fashionable, and when cars were banned from the autobahns on Sundays, the empty
roads were a clear sign of dependence on fossil fuels. People began to seriously investigate
ways to increase the use of renewable energy. Lower oil prices calm down energy markets
Table 1.4 Global primary energy consumption without biomass and ‘other’ [Enq95, BP12]
PJ 1925 1938 1950 1960 1980 1995 2011
Solid fuels
1)
36,039 37,856 46,675 58,541 77,118 94,973 155,856
Solid fuels
2)
5,772 11,017 21,155 43,921 117,112 136,666 169,864
Natural gas 1,406 2,930 7,384 17,961 53,736 81,056 121,594
Hydropower
3)
771 1,774 3,316 6,632 16,732 23,873 33,121
Nuclear power
3)
0 0 0 0 6,741 22,027 25,081
Total 43,988 53,577 76,473 127,055 271,439 358,595 505,516
1) Lignite, hard coal, etc. 2) Petroleum products 3) Weighted with an effi ciency of 38 %