Understanding the Self.pptx ************

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1. UNDERSTANDING THE SELF SIR RANDY SALABSAB

2. Hello! I am Raquel Aguilon Porras, 19 years of age. I live in Purok 2, Veruela Agusan Del Sur. I continue my studies at Agusan Del Sur State College of Agriculture and Technology, Bunawan Ausan Del Sur taking up Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in Science. I love black, pink and violet colors. I love to dance and sing and my hobbies are watching kdrama and cdrama. I love joyrides, food trips and adventures. I may not be the sweetest or clingy person but I have a genuine heart. ef

3. Hi, My name is Rodesa Quijada Sabiahan, 23 years old, single but not available char, I live in P1 San Vicente Esperanza Agusan Del Sur . I'am third of 7 siblings. I am a first year college student at Agusan Del Sur State College of Agriculture and technology (ASSCAT). My hobbies are watching fairy tales and cartoons. Also my favorite is road trips. My favorite quote, "For I know the plans I have for you, declares the Lord's plans to prosper you and not to harm you plans to give you hope and future". I admit that I have a big family. My family is not perfect like others. Sometimes we did not expect some circumstances and trials that came into our lives. Although we are not a complete family, we did not lose hope. Instead, we kept holding each other's hand, always praying unto God to support and never let go of us, giving us enough strength to face it. ef

4. My name is Angeline Palatay. I am a working student and my hobbies are watching movies, playing mobile legends and etc. I like skyblue and for my sports, I love playing badminton and volleyball. Both of my parents are farmers and I am the 5th of 8th siblings. ef

5. Hi, I am Kimberly Matavia. I live in Bayugan, Agusan Del Sur. I am studying at Agusan Del Sur State College of Agriculture and Technology and pursuing my course there. My hobbies are watching television, playing badminton and also playing online games. I am not that smart but I am doing my best of my ability to reach my goals in life in God's guidance and his perfect time. ef

6. The compilation of this lesson could not have been possible without the collaboration and cooperation of group 7. The contributions are sincerely appreciated and gratefully acknowledged. However, the group would like to express their deep appreciation and indebtedness particularly to the following: Sir Randy Salabsab who is the adviser of this subject. Ma'am Lizly Asuelo and Florejean Guimba Laguesma, our practice teachers. Last but not the least, we wuld like to thank everyone as part of this compilation. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

7. ASSCAT as the premier agro-industrial Higher Education Institution in Caraga Region capable of producing morally upright, competent and globally competitive human resource to effectively implement sustainable development. ASSCAT VISION

8. ASSCAT as the premier agro-industrial Higher Education Institution in Caraga Region capable of producing morally upright, competent and globally competitive human resource to effectively implement sustainable development. ASSCAT MISSION

9. ASSCAT shall primarily provide higher professional, technical and special instructions for special purposes and to promote research and extension services, advanced studies and progressive leadership in agriculture, education, forestry, fishery, engineering, arts and sciences, and other related fields. ASSCAT GOALS

10. Agusan Del Sur State College of Agriculture and Technology's vision to be a premier agro-industrial Higher Education Institution in Caraga Region is fostered by the following principles: S ustaining quality education experience and community engagement; Encouraging up optimum resource management; Developing an environment that is conducive for intellectual and personal; and  Generating relevant knowledge throug innovative thinking. To continually improve our Quality Management System, we commit to comply with all applicable requirements and provide service excellence in our four-fold functions. QUALITY POLICY

11. PHILOSOPHY CHAPTER 1

12. Socrates, Plato, Augustine The dictum "Know Thyself" as we hear today is an ancient greeting of the highly civilized Grecks. It was believed that the temple gods greet the people with this salutation as they enter the holy sanctuary. The ancient Greek philosophers manifested to the people their various interpretations of the greeting. To know thyself is first an imperative and then a requirement. It is imperative to know the limit of the self so that one knows what one is capable of doing and what one is not. The expression is almost interchangeably translated as "know thyself" or "self-control". Here Socrates insisted that, "The unexamined life is not worth living." This is perhaps the most satisfying philosophical assertion that Socrates claimed in order to protect human beings from the shallowness of living their lives.

13. Socrates, Plato, Augustine Socrates rightly pronounced that "I know that I do not know." This perhaps is what makes Socrates the wisest among philosophers. For Socrates, only in the recognition of one's ignorance can a person truly know oneself. Influenced by the wise pronouncements of Socrates, Plato proposed his own philosophy of the self. He started on the examination of the self as a unique experience. The experience will eventually better understand the core of the self which he called the Psyche.

14. Socrates, Plato, Augustine For Plato, the psyche is composed of three elements. These are the appetitive, spirited, and the mind. Augustine was unsettled and restlessly searched for the meaning of his life until his conversion to Christianity. In his Confessions, he pronounced: You have made us for Yourself, O Lord, and our heart is restless until it finds rest in You. The development of the self for St. Augustine is achieved through self-presentation and self-realization. He was not afraid to accept himself and tell the people about his sinfulness. To St. Augustine, man's end goal is happiness. Only in God can man attain true and eternal happiness, made possible in his contemplation of the Truth and the Divine Wisdom, i.e, God Himself.

15. REFLECTION Much of what we know about Socrates is based on speculation. To keep our presentation of his beliefs as broad as possible, he thought that the soul is immortal. As a result, he claimed that death is not the end of life. Death is merely the soul's severance from the body. Plato believed that the soul exists within a body until that body dies, which sounds a lot like reincarnation. It then relocates to another body. Plato dubbed the body the "prison of the soul" for this reason. Augustine also believed in the immortality of the soul. He, on the other hand, thought that a human is made up of both the soul and the body. The body isn't only a prison for a soul who goes from one body to the next. Instead, one individual is made up of one body and one soul. Yes, he agreed that the soul is immortal; nevertheless, he did not believe that it moves from one body to another.

16. REFLECTION Augustine, the final dualistic thinker of the day, also believed in the immortality of the soul. He, on the other hand, believed that a human is made up of both the soul and the body. The body isn't only a prison for a soul who goes from one body to the next. Instead, one individual is made up of one body and one soul. Yes, he agreed that the soul is immortal; nevertheless, he did not believe that it moves from one body to another.

17. Descartes, Locke, Hume and Kant Rene Descartes, the father of modern philosophy, deviated from theocentric philosophies in the years before him. He was in fact able to readdress the question concerning the self in a very different rational method. He started his quest of discovering the self by his methodic doubt. Descartes claimed that we cannot really rely on our senses because our sense perceptions can often deceive us. Therefore Descartes refused to believe in the certainty of his sense perceptions and started to doubt everything. Then he said "Cogito, ergo Surt." This is translated as "I think therefore I am" or "I doubt therefore I exist." Only after the certitude of the "doubting I" can all other existence (e.g. God, the universe, things, events, etc.) become certain.

18. Descartes, Locke, Hume and Kant Descartes' discovery of the cogito revolutionizes the way we view ourselves and the world around us. It has also dramatically changed the way we evaluate ourselves. The primary condition, therefore of the existence of the self, at least according to Descartes, is human rationality. Locke opposed the idea that only reason is the source of knowledge of the self. His proposition is that the self is comparable to an empty space where everyday experiences contribute to the pile of knowledge that is put forth on that empty space. Experience, therefore, is an important requirement in order to have sense data which, through the process of reflection and analysis, eventually becomes sense perception.

19. Hume claimed that there cannot be a persisting idea of the self. While Hume agreed that all ideas are derived from impressions, problematically, it follows that the idea of the self is also derived from impressions. However, impressions are subjective, temporary, provisional, prejudicial and even skewed - and therefore cannot be persisting. As long as we only derive our knowledge from sense impressions, there will never be the "self." This means that for Hume, all we know about ourselves are just bundles of temporary impressions. Hume harshly claimed that there IS no seif. Kant said that the new proposition maintained that the self is always transcendental. In fact he calls his philosophy the Transcendental Unity of Apperception. Kant further argues that even if we eliminate everything, or in the case of Descartes, doubt everything, there will still be space and time that will remain in us. Kant is only saying that our rationality unifies and makes sense the perceptions we have in our experiences and make sensible ideas about ourselves and the world.

20. REFLECTION Descartes made the decision to doubt the existence of everything, even his own existence. Descartes came to the conclusion that doubting his own existence was impossible since someone had to doubt his thoughts, which had to be himself. He demonstrated that subjective things, such as one's own existence, are real in this way. Locke's response to Descartes (the rationalist) is that if you truly believe that everything can be discerned solely through reason, you believe in a contradiction, because if you truly trust your reason alone, you'd be able to put your finger in a candle (if you don't know what that feels like from your senses). According to Locke, we may learn a great deal from our senses. If not for that, we owe everything to our senses. Hume also argues that religious belief has historically caused turmoil, wars, and suffering by teaching exclusive messages. Kant felt that space is not something that exists outside the mind, but rather something that exists within it. There is a contrast, according to Kant, between how things are in themselves and how things are in themselves (think of a molecule and how we see it).

21. Freud, Ryle, Churchland and Mercau-Ponty Freud, refusing to take the self or subject as technical terms, regarded the self as the "I" that ordinarily constitutes both the mental and physical actions. Freud sees the "I" as a product of multiple interacting processes, systems and schemes. Freud's solution to this predicament is to divide the "I" into conscious and the unconscious. The unconscious keeps what it knows by what Freud calls "censorship" so that the conscious will be left on its own. Freud's Structural Model will also represent the self in three different agencies, these are id, ego and superego. Ryle said that he will never be found because it is just a "ghost in the machine." It means he finds the philosophy of Descartes totally absurd. The mind is never separate from the body. The mind therefore, is nothing but a disposition of the self.

22. Freud, Ryle, Churchland and Mercau-Ponty Couple Paul and Patricia Churchland promoted the position they called "eliminative materialism" which brings forth neuroscience into the fore of understanding the self. Merlcau-Ponty philosophy, the Phenomenology of Perception draws heavily from the contemporary research of Gestalt psychology and neurology. He developed a kind of phenomenological rhythm that will explain the perception of the self. The rhythm involves three dimensions. First is the empiricist take on perception, followed by the idealist-intellectual alternative, and lastly, the synthesis of both positions. Yes, he agreed that the soul is immortal; nevertheless, he did not believe that it moves from one body to another.

23. REFLECTION In Freud, the self is multi-layered consisting of the conscious, preconscious and unconscious - not absolute or permanent. In Ryle, Focused his attention on human behavior, thus self, is a pattern of behavior, the tendency or disposition for a person to behave in a certain way in certain circumstances. In Churchland, to fully understand the nature of the mind,we have to fully understand the nature of the brain. The body is the seat of perception which essentially implies the structural interconnection between subjective consciousness and its object. In Merlcau-Ponty, everything that we are aware of and can possibly know is contained within our own consciousness. It is our consciousness that is primary and the space/time world that is secondary, existing fundamentally as the object to our consciousness.

24. OUR UNDERSTANDING What we read and understand the philosophers saying and what we find in their writings should be applied in our pursuit of a happy life. They all have very different views on belief, truth, justification, and knowledge. I will quickly define them for context and they speak about all the philosophers individually, their most important concepts related to this study of knowledge. It is a dimension of our lived body, which is not an object of the world, distinct from the knowing self, but it is the subjects’ own points of view on the world. The Body is itself the original knowing subject which all other forms of knowledge derive. It belongs in the lives of everyone. It helps us solve our problems, and it helps us make better decisions by developing our critical thinking (very important in the age of disinformation).

25. ADDITIONAL READINGS In general, philosophical education improves your abilities to evaluate and solve difficulties. It will aid you in the analysis of concepts, definitions, arguments, and issues. It improves your ability to organize thoughts and issues, deal with value questions, and extract the most important information from large amounts of data. These philosophers revealed facts about one's own self-perception and life decisions, both conscious and unconscious. Philosophy as a whole tries to challenge our preconceptions about our lives and delve into the nuances of why we think the way we do and how we choose to act. It broadens one's understanding and enjoyment of things. It has the ability to provide self-awareness, foresight, and sense of direction.

26. SOCIOLOGY CHAPTER 1

27. INTRODUCTION Sociology is the systematic and scientific study of society and social interaction. In order to carry out their studies, sociologists identify cultural patterns and social forces and determine how they affect individuals and groups. They also develop ways to apply their findings to the real world. The History of Sociology Sociology was developed as an academic and scientific way to study and theorize about the changes to society brought on by the Industrial Revolution in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Some of the earliest sociologists thought that societies and individuals' roles in society could be studied using the same scientific methodologies that were used in the natural sciences, while others believed that it was impossible to predict human behavior scientifically, and still others debated the value of such predictions. Those perspectives continue to be represented within sociology today.

28. INTRODUCTION Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology Sociologists develop theories to explain social events, interactions, and patterns. A theory is a proposed explanation of those social interactions. Theories have different scales. Macro-level effice theories, such as structural functionalism and conflict theory, attempt to explain how societies operate as a whole. Micro-level theories, such as symbolic interactionism, focus on interactions between individuals.

29. OUR UNDERSTANDING In our understanding of sociology, it is how we manage ourselves from societal relationships. It increases the understanding and power of social action. Sociology studies the role of social institutions (home, school, church and more) in the development of the individuals. Sociology provides critical insight and perspective to the solution of social problems. It is the study of society, social institutions, and social relationships and they are the definition of society, social institutions and social relationships in sociology. Sociology is the study of human social relationships and institutions. Unifying the study of these diverse subjects is sociology's purpose of understanding how human action and consciousness both shape and are shaped by surrounding cultural and social structures.

30. REFLECTION Auguste Comte, who is considered to be the founder of sociology, defined sociology as the study of society. His hope was that threw the studies of sociologists that the world would become a better place to live. By definition "the sociological perspective stresses the social contexts in which people live. It examines how these contexts influence people's lives. At the center of the sociological perspective is the question of how groups influence people, especially how people are influenced by their society-a group of people who share a culture and a territory Herbert Spencer believed in and came up with the theory of "the survival of the fittest", he believed that "unless some do-gooders get in the way and help the less fit survive that the better or fittest members of society would survive creating a more advanced society. Social integration or the degree that we are tied to our social group has an effect on the likelihood of someone committing suicide. The French sociologist Emile Durkheim said, "Human behavior cannot be understood only in terms of the individual; we must always examine the social forces that affect people's lives".

31. REFLECTION For sociologists, the social self is the only kind of self there can be. For the philosopher George Herbert Mead, interactionism is the idea that an individual's personality, preferences, and ideas are constructed and shaped by and through communication with both others and his or her self. Every human has own ideas, and every human decides what to do, without considering external people or situations. Or so, we believe we do.

32. ADDITIONAL READINGS Sociological Theories > Theories and writings of Karl Marx, Max Weber, Emile Durkheim, Auguste Comte, Michel Foucalt are extremely integral to the study of Sociology. Suggested reading: Karl Marx's Capital . Max Weber's Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capital . E. Durkheim's The Division of Labour in Society Sociology of Development >Development theories and perspectives, more often than not, have become a topic of study in itself. Some areas of Sociology of Development are: Development Perspectives: Liberal, Marxist, etc Globalisation State and Market, Development and Society

33. ADDITIONAL READINGS Sociology of Gender A large portion of the study of sociology focuses on understanding gender roles and gender theories. Key topics in this subject are Understanding Sex, Gender, Sexual Division of Labour, Gender Inequalities. Feminist Theories and Gender-Sensitive Critiques of Sociological Thought Gender, Law and Human Rights Society, Culture, Social Change, Social Stratification This subject is an essential topic in almost all sociological courses, i.e. the study of our society, culture, social constructs, etc. Here are the central topics of this subject: Society Categories: Tribal, Urban, Pre-industrial, Industrial and Post-Industrial, Marxist, etc Social Change: Industrialisation, Globalisation, Modernisation, etc . Stratification Forms: Class, Caste, Power, Gender Suggested readings: Fulcher and Scott's Sociology . M Haralambos' Sociology: Themes and Perspective . TB Bottomore's Sociology: A Guide to Problems and Literature

34. ANTHROPOLOGY CHAPTER 2

35. INTRODUCTION Anthropology is the study of mankind (anthropos). Anthropology comes from the word anthropos meaning man and logos meaning knowledge. Anthropology looks at humans as something complex in terms of physical, emotional , social, and cultural complexity. Anthropology also refers to the science of humans and their culture. Since anthropology is one of the social sciences, of course it is necessity, and undoubtedly very important considering humans as social creatures cannot possibly loose interacting with each other. Studying anthropology will create tolerance and peaceful life. Being unable to understand each other has resulted in prejudice, quarrel,brawl, and even war. Differences are often considered a threat, but when managed properly, they that could be a beauty,like a variaty of colorful flowers in a garden. Things that occur in life on a small scale; in the household, between ethnic and religious groups, even among a religious group to element of a nation, and between countries. Can anthropology solve life problems mentioned? Certainly, anthropology has a significant contribution. It is the study of all kinds of things that have to do with human beings. At yhe very least, someone who has studied or learned anthropology will further acknoledge and understand that very people, ethnic group, religion, community and nation has certain a distinctive and particular character. Thus, it will promote mutual tolerance and peace.

36. OUR UNDERSTANDING Anthropology is the study of what makes us human. Anthropologists take a broad approach to understanding the many different aspects of the human experience, which we call holism. They consider the past, through archaeology, to see how human groups lived hundreds or thousands of years ago and what was important to them. They consider what makes up our biological bodies and genetics, as well as our bones, diet, and health. Anthropologists also compare humans with other animals (most often, other primates like monkeys and chimpanzees) to see what we have in common with them and what makes us unique. Even though nearly all humans need the same things to survive, like food, water, and companionship, the ways people meet these needs can be very different. For example, everyone needs to eat, but people eat different foods and get food in different ways. So anthropologists look at how different groups of people get food, prepare it, and share it.

37. REFLECTION In the world of Anthropology, everyday new discoveries are found, additional information is gathered, and worthwhile experiments are being performed. And with each study it is providing people with more answers about themselves and people around the globe. By looking at my anthropology I hope to grow intellectually, in part because I will be forced to question some of the basic assumptions that most people take for granted throughout their entire lives. I will more seriously consider my identity, and the factors that shaped who I am. When I began to look at the cultural norms, social expectations, political history of my society, language, religious background, human relationships, and interactions with technology and ideas have helped make me, I will learn a lot about myself. I have always wanted to learn more about my family’s past. I have a family tree, but no real answers. I’m not sure what my genetic background is really made of. I would describe my own culture as enculturation (the process by which a society’s culture is passed on from generation to the next and individuals become members of their society). For as long as I can remember values, traditions, recipes, have been passed down from generation to generation in my family.

38. ADDITIONAL READINGS Anthropology has been located at the intersection of natural science and humanities. The biological evolution of Homo sapiens and the evolution of the capacity for culture that distinguishes humans from all other species are indistinguishable from one another. While the evolution of the human species is a biological development like the processes that gave rise to the other species, the historical appearance of the capacity for culture initiates a qualitative departure from other forms of adaptation, based on an extraordinarily variable creativity not directly linked to survival and ecological adaptation. The historical patterns and processes associated with culture as a medium for growth and change, and the diversification and convergence of cultures through history, are thus major foci of anthropological research.

39. PSYCHOLOGY CHAPTER 2

40. INTRODUCTION Psychology is an academic and applied discipline involving the scientific study of mental processes and behavior. Psychology also refers to the application of such knowledge to various spheres of human activity, including relating to individuals' daily lives and the treatment of mental illness. Psychology differs from the other social sciences — anthropology, economics, political science, and sociology — in that psychology seeks to explain the mental processes and behavior of individuals. Whereas biology and neuroscience study the biological or neural processes and how they relate to the mental effects they subjectively produce, psychology is primarily concerned with the interaction of mental processes and behavior on a systemic level. The subfield of neuropsychology studies the actual neural processes while biological psychology studies the biological bases of behavior and mental states.

41. OUR UNDERSTANDING Psychology is relatively a young science and yet within a brief span it has made tremendous progress. Psychology touches almost every facet of our lives. There is hardly any single aspect of human life where psychology has not made its contribution. In all the important spheres of life, such as industry, technology, arts, education, law, management, politics, social life, medicine etc., psychology has made its unique contribution by examining the basic psychological processes underlying all these spheres; viewed from this angle, it can be said that the scope of psychology is as vast as our life itself. Psychology has been defined as the science of human and animal behavior. In other words, psychologists are interested in finding out the causes underlying various types of behavior. The term behavior as it is used in psychology is very broad. It does not mean only the things a person does in everyday life, such asalking, crying, frowning etc.

42. OUR UNDERSTANDING For the psychologists, however, the term behavior includes not only how we act or what we do, but also how we think and how we feel. In short, it includes mental processes, such as thinking, feeling, willing, imagining etc. as well as the physical processes. Since every organism including man lives in an environment with ever changing energies, objects and other organisms, psychologist believe that behavior is a means of adjusting to the environment. All our behavior, therefore, is directed towards achieving an adjustment between the forces within us and those in our environment. Adjustment to inner and outer demands of the body is a continuous process and hence, psychologists aim at the study of organism’s attempt to adjust itself to the varying conditions both within itself and in its environment.

43. REFLECTION Over the course of this class, we have pieced together many things about our own lives that before went unnoticed. We're now able to see things in a bit of a different light. Now that we've been introduced to the realm of psychology, we understand some of the reasons for behavior around us. We have learned that there is a reason for most everything and a lot of our behaviors and mental processes can be explained through psychology. Studies have been conducted for many years to try and pinpoint the source of our behavior and it is not something that most people think about every day. Having a better understanding of why we operate the way we do will help me to better understand ourselves and the others around us.

44. REFLECTION We try some theory about abnormal behavior rather than just shrugging it off. While we have not really had any experience with anyone with any very serious psychological conditions, we see now that there is much more than meets the eye when it comes to their behavior. There is typically some sort of explanation that can be found in psychology and we think if everyone had a basic understanding of psychology they would understand abnormal behavior a little better. After this introduction to psychology, we can now also better understand our behavior and understand the things that are affecting our lives. There are certain aspects of our life that limit us from making the choices we may prefer to make. We have obligations and responsibilities that we must maintain in order to provide a decent life for our family. There is much at stake for us and we cannot always just do whatever it is that we would like to do. As a child, we were raised in a house where honesty was the key. It has been instilled in our life and to this day we know the right thing to do is to be honest. Our parents were very good at instilling a sense of honor. We're not sure how they did it but we know it affects the decisions that we made and made today.

45. THE SELF IN WESTERN AND ORIENTAL/EASTERN THOUGHT CHAPTER 3

46. INTRODUCTION Western philosophy acknowledges the existence of a humanself (with some exception). Eastern philosophy firmly denies the existence of a human self (with some exception). Contemporary neuroscientific and neuropsychological research attempts to locate and identify the human self in the brain. The difference between WESTERN and EASTERN THOUGHTS: Western Philosophy deals with individualism, while eastern philosophy is related to collectivism. Both philosophies centeron virtues. Eastern philosophy takes more of a spiritual approach while eastern philosophy is more hands-on. The WESTERN perspective of the self In the west, there is dualistic conception of the self where there is a clear distinction between creator and created, and man and the self is viewed as an artifact of creation.

47. INTRODUCTION The distinctions between WESTERN and EASTERN conception of the self Eastern and Western of the self are diametrically opposite. Immanuel Kant viewed the self as a thing-in-itself or a noun. Eastern philosophy unequivocally argues that the self is illusory fiction and that it does not exist in reality. The difference between WESTERN and EASTERN THOUGHTS in philosophy Each has its own scope and methodology Eastern philosophy is intuitive and mystical in its approach, and studies the self, its emotions, feelings, mystical experience of things. Western philosophy uses the scientific method to study the human and brain.

48. OUR UNDERSTANDING According to Eastern philosophy, the self as an essence does not exist and this is due to our ignorance of the true nature of the world. According to Western philosophy, the self does exist, but the views on the topic are pluralistic. But for us, we choose western as we reflect or understand it based on ourselves and it is western self ot western traditions give the view of the self in which a certain person needs to be independent and can manage herself through his dedication and will and not depending on others. It taught what's best for ourselves, the measure of a successful life when the self is able to fulfill the life-goals set by the self. It concludes the individualistic self that is always conceived as the autonomous bounded entity. For one to be autonomous, one must be able to show independence. Also, being self-sufficient implies confidence in one's capacity to provide what the self needs from one's own resources and authority. Therefore it is important for the self to establish one's power and accumulate the needed knowledge and resources so that one will be able to provide one's needs. Western traditions give important knowledge and information about the self in which it can be helpful to us readers who admire philosophers that study about the "self".

49. REFLECTION In some ways, discussing Western and Eastern philosophy is not difficult if we examine them in terms of the history of human thought. However, if we require something more in terms of discussing these two traditions of human thought, it will be difficult. In this case, the action we take is in response to a tough situation. There are various levels of understanding in the universe. In our opinion, the deepest level of understanding must be concerned with the essence of the item. This is a difficult concept to express. The first factor is logic, and the second is emotion. This is an example of human behavior that is influenced by these two factors in our lives. Three guys appear in a girl's life, each telling her that she must marry them. The thing that the girl did one day before telling one of these three men that she accepted his proposal to marry him. The girl believes that marriage entails some sort of planning.

50. REFLECTION She believes that people's lives will be either happy or unhappy depending on one key condition: whether or not they know how to organize their lives. People who know how to plan things in their lives will be happy. Three guys appear in a girl's life, each telling her that she must marry them. The thing that the girl did one day before telling one of these three men that she accepted his proposal to marry him. The girl believes that marriage entails some sort of planning. She believes that people's lives will be either happy or unhappy depending on one key condition: whether or not they know how to organize their lives. People who know how to plan things in their lives will be happy. This regulation should also be applied to marriage. The girl has calculated all three males based on this notion, and the result indicates that one of them has the greatest score.

51. REFLECTION The girl's decision may be what people refer to as a rational decision. Suppose the factor that drives the girl to choose one of these three men to marry isn't reason, but her gut instinct that says, "I love this man more than the others." People may refer to the girl's decision as something that is influenced by feelings or emotions in general. People consider reasoned action to be one thing, and emotion-driven action to be another, and these two types of behaviors are distinct. We have the innate ability to distinguish between actions that are motivated by logic and those that are motivated by emotion.

52. ADDITIONAL READINGS The goal of Western philosophy is to discover and prove what the "truth" is. Eastern philosophy, on the other hand, accepts what the "truth" is and is more concerned with finding a balance in one's life. The following are the main principles of Eastern philosophy: > Unity of the Cosmos > Life is a journey toward eternal realities that are beyond our current realities. > Dependent on the inner world > Self-Liberation > Behavioural Ethics is a term that refers to the ethical principles that govern.

53. ADDITIONAL READINGS In general, the Western definition of self' is based on the individual being, and encompasses personality traits, intelligence, strengths to find and develop, weaknesses to identify and overcome, and objectives to achieve, among other things. The Eastern concept of'self,' on the other hand, is more esoteric. There is a 'individual self in the East that is equivalent to the Western definition, but there is also a 'Self' (note the upper case spelling). The Self is not dependent upon mind/thought/concepts; it is that which witnesses all events in the environment, all sensations in the body and all thoughts and emotions that are experienced. It is silent, still, alert and profoundly peaceful. The Eastern Self is untouched by anything and cannot be improved upon. It is unbounded wholeness, having no discernible traits that can be measured or quantified in any way. It is free of every thing in the phenomenal world because it is transcendent to every thing in the phenomenal world.

54. THE PHYSICAL SELF CHAPTER 4

55. INTRODUCTION The concept of physical self has gained considerable attention in the fields of Psychology, Sociology, Anthropology, including religious and biological or health studies. These disciplines agree on the premise that the physical self is an important component in the study of the person's self and identity. As William James said, "the self is the sum total of all that man can call his, which includes his body, family and reputation, also his clothes and his house. Sigmund Freud who states that the physical body is the core of human experience. From the 1970s to 1980s, Humanities and Sociology developed a new and broader interest in the body. Sociologists, historians, philosophers, and anthropologists. including scholars from sport studies and medical studies spoke about this interest in the body which was then called "body culture".

56. INTRODUCTION The Impact of Culture on Body Image and Self-esteem: The Importance of Beauty Standards of beauty and appearance are the product of a diverse mix of cultural and historical influences. Norms of beauty and appearance are tied to ideals of appearance and hard work. It refers to the person's perception of the level of attractiveness of his/her body or it can be somebody's own impression of how his or her body looks. It may also be our sense of how other people view our bodies. In that sense, body image can be seen as both internal (personal) and external (social). Beauty is of two types: the inner beauty which refers to the inner qualities of the person and the external beauty which refers to the physical characteristics of the person. Culture is commonly defined as the shared patterns of thoughts, beliefs, behaviors, and habits in both material and symbolic realms. Pop culture or popular culture from a common understanding is a culture widely accepted and patronized by the public as in pop music which is very appealing to the youth.

57. INTRODUCTION Self-definition refers to the way a person sees himself. It can be intrinsically tied into self-esteem and confidence, two critical components of a healthy disposition throughout maturation and into adulthood. The media creates ideals, in the form of celebrities and models, for men and women t admire. Most women are dissatisfied with their appearance which, Annie Lennox says, is the "stuff that fuels tge fashion and beauty industries". 2.1. The Influence of Media on the Adolescent's Understanding of Beauty Genesis M. Javellana (2014), mentions that the media plays a large role in how teenagers view themselves by shaping images of what teenagers are supposed to be or do. Further studies showed that teenagers imagine themselves being the actor/actress in a movie they have watched. Croll further explains that puberty for boys characteristics typically admired by society- height, speed, broadness, and strength.

58. INTRODUCTION Self-esteem and Significance Self-esteem, sometimes referred to as self-worth of self-respect, is an important factor of success. 2.2. The Concept of Self-esteem Self-esteem levels at the extreme high and low ends of the spectrum can be harmful, it's best to strike a balance somewhere in the middle. In Psychology, the term self-esteem is used to describe a person's overall sense of self-worth or personal value. 2.2. Developing Self-esteem To overcome such adverse effects on the issues of self-esteem, here are our best insights on how to strike a balance between accurate self-knowledge and respect for who you are. You need to develop a positive body image which involves: a. u nderstanding that healthy, attractive bodies come in many shapes and sizes; b. physical appearance says very little about our character or value as a person; c. how we get to this point of acceptance often depends on our individual development and self-acceptance.

59. OUR UNDERSTANDING In this, we've learned a lot from this lesson because it talks about ourselves on how we are going to be the best version of ourselves. Today, the norm or standard of beauty includes wavy blond hair, light skin and eyes, and a tall and slim form. Physical appearance is dealt with great importance as in the case presented at the beginning of this topic. But, we don't need others' opinions if we want to choose what makes us happy. We are all body-builders as we build and style our bodies on a daily basis. We decide how to dress and style our bodies, we decide how much hair we want on our bodies, and we shave, wax, etc. We manipulate our bodies' weight through diet and exercise and we even modify our bodies to extreme levels and introduce mechanical agents into our bodies merging flesh and technology. The body is enthralled with cultural regimes, telling us how we should look - especially how we should dress and what our bodies' weight (fat levels) should be". To have self-confidence or self-esteem, you should take responsibility for ourselves, begin to experiment with life, develop an action plan and implement it, stick with it, and act “as if.” If you put off taking action until you have confidence, you'll never do it.

60. REFLECTION It would be impossible to live a contented life if we are not happy with our physical selves. We need to be reminded that our looks are a testament that we are a by product of our parents' love for each other. This is something that every time we look in the mirror, we need to remind ourselves that we are full of our parents' care and acceptance. Nonetheless, as we embrace our looks, we need to help others affirm their distinct beauty inclusive of its flaws, its scars, and all of its imperfections. We need to be a part of a culture of resistance in a society that dictates beauty in physical perfection. As Amy blooms puts it and something for us to ponder on. "You are imperfect, permanently and inevitably flawed. And you are beautiful." There is nothing more important than to learn to accept and embrace who we are, with all the beauty, flaws and imperfections, because this is the only way that we can live in peace and at peace with ourselves.

61. ADDITIONAL READINGS There is always pressure in our society to look good, and to seek a visually better version of ourselves. We often get so caught up with the ways we can make sure that we look beautiful and nice, that sometimes, we frown at our natural looks, our dark complexion perhaps, or even our short stature. The social pressure of looking great gave rise to many beauty products and enhancement procedures, being patronized by a large portion of our population, no matter how expensive they might be, just to fit in, to be accepted, and to be beautiful In the global society where fairer skin and a size zero for women is considered attractive if not stunning , we can only expect ourselves to follow and abide by the mantra, “Beauty is Power”, no matter how destructive it might be for us.

62. ADDITIONAL READINGS Our physical selves have become so dependent on the judgment of our appearance, and not with the celebration of it. In this chapter, we will look at the work of nature and nurture, and how it greatly influences the features of our physical selves. Particularly how we look, and how standards of beauty, both in local and global contexts have affected our self-acceptance. We will also look into the different cultural standards of beauty and how it has affected our self-concept, our self- esteem, and body image, and realize that beauty, in all shapes and sizes, is meant to be celebrated.

63. THANK YOU :)