understanding the self SEXUAL SELF.pptx

Understanding The Self

1. SEXUAL SELF

2. Sexual self-concept refers to the totality of oneself as a sexual being, including positive and negative concepts and feelings. According to theorists, sexual self-concept is described well along three dimensions (Snell & Papini, 1989): sexual  self-esteem , sexual  depression , and sexual preoccupation

3. Development of Secondary Sex of the human reproductive system

4. Development of Secondary Sex of the human reproductive system The development of the reproductive systems begins soon after fertilization of the egg, with primordial gonads beginning to develop approximately one month after conception. Reproductive development continues in utero, but there is little change in the reproductive system between infancy and puberty.

5. Development of the Sexual Organs in the Embryo and Fetus

6. Development of the Sexual Organs in the Embryo and Fetus Females are considered the “fundamental” sex—that is, without much chemical prompting, all fertilized eggs would develop into females. To become a male, an individual must be exposed to the cascade of factors initiated by a single gene on the male Y chromosome. This is called the SRY ( Sex-determining Region of the Y chromosome ). ( F emales do not have a Y chromosome )

7. Development of the Sexual Organs in the Embryo and Fetus In both male and female embryos, the same group of cells has the potential to develop into either the male or female gonads; this tissue is considered bipotential. The  SRY  gene actively recruits other genes that begin to develop the testes, and suppresses genes that are important in female development.

8. Development of the Sexual Organs in the Embryo and Fetus The internal reproductive structures (for example the uterus, uterine tubes, and part of the vagina in females; and the epididymis, ductus deferens, and seminal vesicles in males) form from one of two rudimentary duct systems in the embryo. In males, secretions from sustentacular cells trigger a degradation of the female duct, called the  Müllerian duct . At the same time, testosterone secretion stimulates growth of the male tract, the  Wolffian duct . Without such sustentacular cell secretion, the Müllerian duct will develop; without testosterone, the Wolffian duct will degrade. Thus, the developing offspring will be female.

9. P U B E R T Y

10. Puberty  is the stage of development at which individuals become sexually mature. Though the outcomes of puberty for boys and girls are very different, the hormonal control of the process is very similar. In addition, though the timing of these events varies between individuals, the sequence of changes that occur is predictable for male and female adolescents.

11. Signs of Puberty Different sex steroid hormone concentrations between the sexes also contribute to the development and function of secondary sexual characteristics.

12. As a girl reaches puberty, typically the first change that is visible is the development of the breast tissue. This is followed by the growth of axillary and pubic hair. A growth spurt normally starts at approximately age 9 to 11, and may last two years or more. During this time, a girl’s height can increase 3 inches a year. The next step in puberty is menarche, the start of menstruation.

13. In boys, the growth of the testes is typically the first physical sign of the beginning of puberty, which is followed by growth and pigmentation of the scrotum and growth of the penis. The next step is the growth of hair, including armpit, pubic, chest, and facial hair. Testosterone stimulates the growth of the larynx and thickening and lengthening of the vocal folds, which causes the voice to drop in pitch.

14. The first fertile ejaculations typically appear at approximately 15 years of age, but this age can vary widely across individual boys. Unlike the early growth spurt observed in females, the male growth spurt occurs toward the end of puberty, at approximately age 11 to 13, and a boy’s height can increase as much as 4 inches a year. In some males, pubertal development can continue through the early 20s.

15. EROGENOUS ZONES 

16. Erogenous zones  may be classified by the type of sexual response that they generate. Many people are gently aroused when their eyelids, eyebrows, temples, shoulders, hands, arms and hair are subtly touched. Gently touching or stroking of these  zones  stimulates a partner during foreplay and increases the arousal level

17. What is the sexual response cycle? The sexual response cycle refers to the sequence of physical and emotional changes that occur as a person becomes sexually aroused and participates in sexually stimulating activities, including intercourse and masturbation.

18. The sexual response cycle has four phases: 1.) desire (libido), 2.) arousal (excitement), 3.) orgasm and 4.) resolution . Both men and women experience these phases, although the timing usually is different.

19. Phase 1: Desire General characteristics of this phase, which can last from a few minutes to several hours, include the following: Muscle tension increases. Heart rate quickens and breathing is accelerated. Skin may become flushed (blotches of redness appear on the chest and back). Nipples become hardened or erect.

20. Phase 1: Desire Blood flow to the genitals increases, resulting in swelling of the woman’s clitoris and labia minora (inner lips), and erection of the man’s penis. Vaginal lubrication begins. The woman’s breasts become fuller and the vaginal walls begin to swell. The man’s testicles swell, his scrotum tightens, and he begins secreting a lubricating liquid.

21. Phase 2: Arousal General characteristics of this phase, which extends to the brink of orgasm, include the following: The changes begun in phase 1 are intensified. The vagina continues to swell from increased blood flow, and the vaginal walls turn a dark purple. The woman’s clitoris becomes highly sensitive (may even be painful to touch) and retracts under the clitoral hood to avoid direct stimulation from the penis.

22. Phase 2: Arousal The man’s testicles are withdrawn up into the scrotum. Breathing, heart rate and blood pressure continue to increase. Muscle spasms may begin in the feet, face and hands. Tension in the muscles increases.

23. Phase 3: Orgasm This phase is the climax of the sexual response cycle. It is the shortest of the phases and generally lasts only a few seconds. General characteristics of this phase include the following:

24. Phase 3: Orgasm Involuntary muscle contractions begin. Blood pressure, heart rate and breathing are at their highest rates, with a rapid intake of oxygen. Muscles in the feet spasm. There is a sudden, forceful release of sexual tension.

25. Phase 3: Orgasm In women, the muscles of the vagina contract. The uterus also undergoes rhythmic contractions. In men, rhythmic contractions of the muscles at the base of the penis result in the ejaculation of semen. A rash or "sex flush" may appear over the entire body.

26. Phase 4: Resolution During this phase, the body slowly returns to its normal level of functioning, and swelled and erect body parts return to their previous size and color. This phase is marked by a general sense of well-being and, often, fatigue.

27. Phase 4: Resolution During this phase, the body slowly returns to its normal level of functioning, and swelled and erect body parts return to their previous size and color. This phase is marked by a general sense of well-being and, often, fatigue.

28. UNDERSTANDING THE CHEMISTRY OF LUST, LOVE AND ATTACHMENT

29. Anthropologist HELEN FISHER of Rutgers University proposed three stages of falling in love, and for each stage a different set of chemicals run the show the three stages of falling in love.

30. Lust - erotic passion. Driven by testosterone in males and estrogen in females. Will not guarantee long lasting relationship. Attraction - romantic passion. Begin to crave for your partner’s presence. You be with your partner everyday.

31. There is excitement, hyper, according to Helen there are 3 chemicals responsible for this. A . Norepinephrine -These chemicals make us giddy, energetic, and euphoric, even leading to decreased appetite and insomnia – which means you actually can be so “in love” that you can’t eat and can’t sleep.

32. High levels of dopamine and a related hormone, norepinephrine, are released during attraction.

33. B. Dopamine - associated with motivation and goal directed behavior. It makes you pursue your object of affection. Dopamine , produced by the hypothalamus, is a particularly well-publicized player in the brain’s reward pathway – it’s released when we do things that feel good to us. In this case, these things include spending time with loved ones and having sex.

34. C. Serotonin - a hormone that’s known to be involved in appetite and mood thought to cause obsessive thinking. Low levels of serotonin re said to be present in people with obsessive- compulsive behavior (OCD).

35. Attachment - commitment . Involves the desire for lasting commitment. You see yourself with him or her. Attachment is the predominant factor in long-term relationships. While lust and attraction are pretty much exclusive to romantic entanglements,

36. THE DIVERSITY OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR

37. LGBTQIA +: Abbreviation for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, Intersex, and Asexual. The additional “+” stands for all of the other identities not encompassed in the short acronym. An umbrella term that is often used to refer to the community as a whole.

38. To be a heterosexual man or woman means having a personally significant and meaningful romantic and/or sexual attraction primarily to adults of the opposite sex.

39. To be a  homosexual  man or woman means having a personally significant and meaningful romantic and/or sexual attraction primarily to adults of the same sex. (To be an  openly gay  man or woman implies a personal social integration with one’s homosexuality, including being “out” by fully accepting one’s homosexuality and sharing about it with friends, family, and others.)

40. To be a  bisexual  man or woman means having a personally significant and meaningful romantic and/or sexual attraction to both adult males and females. Those who self-identify as bisexual need not be equally attracted to both sexes.

41. TRANSGENDER The word “transgender” is an umbrella term that describes those who have a gender that’s different from the sex (male, female, or intersex) or binary gender (boy or girl) they were assigned at birth. The term transgender can mean different things to different people. For example, a person who was assigned female at birth and has a masculine sense of self could be categorized as transgender. A person who was assigned male at birth and has a feminine sense of self could also be categorized as transgender.

42. TRANSSEXUAL A transsexual is a person who physically transitions from male to female or vice versa. He or she might take hormones to suppress the characteristics of the biological gender or promote the characteristics of the desired gender. In this way, transsexuals can control, to some extent, traits like facial hair and breast development.

43. Transsexuals may also decide to have gender reassignment surgery, in which – to the extent that is possible – the anatomical features of the biological gender are removed and the features of the desired gender are added.

44. Sexually Transmitted Disease Types of STDs

45. Key facts ( WHO – World Health Organization ) More than 1 million sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are acquired every day worldwide, the majority of which are asymptomatic. Each year there are an estimated 374 million new infections with 1 of 4 curable STIs: chlamydia, gonorrhoea , syphilis and trichomoniasis. More than 500 million people 15–49 years are estimated to have a genital infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV or herpes) (1).

46. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is associated with over 311 000 cervical cancer deaths each year. Almost 1 million pregnant women were estimated to be infected with syphilis in 2016, resulting in over 350 000 adverse birth outcomes. STIs have a direct impact on sexual and reproductive health through stigmatization, infertility, cancers and pregnancy complications and can increase the risk of HIV.

47. Chlamydia A certain type of bacteria causes chlamydia. It’s the most commonly reported STD among Americans, notes the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)Trusted Source. Many people with chlamydia have no noticeable symptoms. When symptoms do develop, they often include: pain or discomfort during sex or urination green or yellow discharge from the penis or vagina pain in the lower abdomen If left untreated, chlamydia can lead to: infections of the urethra, prostate gland, or testicles pelvic inflammatory disease infertility Antibiotics can easily treat chlamydia .

48. HPV (human papillomavirus) Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a virus that can be passed from one person to another through intimate skin-to-skin or sexual contact. The most common symptom of HPV is warts on the genitals, mouth, or throat. Some strains of HPV infection can lead to cancer, including: • oral cancer • cervical cancer • vulvar cancer • penile cancer • rectal cancer There’s no treatment for HPV. However, HPV infections often clear up on their own.

49. Syphilis Another bacterial infection. It often goes unnoticed in its early stages. The first symptom to appear is a small round sore, known as a chancre. It can develop on your genitals, anus, or mouth. It’s painless but very infectious. Later symptoms of syphilis can include: •rash •fatigue •fever •headaches •joint pain •weight loss •hair loss •If left untreated, late-stage syphilis can lead to: •loss of vision •loss of hearing •loss of memory •mental illness •infections of the brain or spinal cord •heart disease •death

50. HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus HIV can damage the immune system and raise the risk of contracting other viruses or bacteria and certain cancers. If left untreated, it can lead to stage 3 HIV, known as AIDS. The early symptoms can include: •fever •chills •aches and pains •swollen lymph nodes •sore throat •headache •nausea •rashes There’s no  cure  for HIV yet, but treatment options are available to manage it.

51. GONORRHEA It’s also known as “the clap.” Many people with gonorrhea develop no symptoms. But when present, symptoms may include: a white, yellow, beige, or green-colored discharge from the penis or vagina pain or discomfort during sex or urination more frequent urination than usual itching around the genitals sore throat. If left untreated, gonorrhea can lead to: infections of the urethra, prostate gland, or testicles pelvic inflammatory disease infertility. Gonorrhea can usually be treated with antibiotics. 

52. PUBIC LICE (‘CRABS’) “Crabs” is another name for pubic lice. They’re tiny insects that can take up residence on your pubic hair. Like head lice and body lice, they feed on human blood. Common symptoms of pubic lice include: itching around the genitals or anus small pink or red bumps around the genitals or anus low-grade fever lack of energy irritability

53. PUBIC LICE (‘CRABS’) If left untreated, pubic lice can spread to other people through skin-to-skin contact or shared clothing, bedding, or towels. Scratched bites can also become infected. If you have pubic lice, you can use over-the-counter topical treatments and tweezers to remove them from your body.

54. TRICHOMONIASIS Trichomoniasis is also known as “trich.” It’s caused by a tiny protozoan organism that can be passed from one person to another through genital contact. According to the CDCTrusted Source, less than one-third of people with trich develop symptoms. When symptoms do develop, they may include: discharge from the vagina or penis burning or itching around the vagina or penis pain or discomfort during urination or sex frequent urination In women, trich-related discharge often has an unpleasant or “fishy” smell. If left untreated, trich can lead to: infections of the urethra pelvic inflammatory disease.

55. Methods of Contraception ( Natural and Artificial)

56. Reversible Methods of Birth Control Intrauterine Contraception

57. Levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG IUD) The LNG IUD is a small T-shaped device like the Copper T IUD. It is placed inside the uterus by a doctor. It releases a small amount of progestin each day to keep you from getting pregnant. The LNG IUD stays in your uterus for up to 3 to 6 years , depending on the device.

58. Copper T intrauterine device (IUD) This IUD is a small device that is shaped in the form of a “T.” Your doctor places it inside the uterus to prevent pregnancy. It can stay in your uterus for up to 10 years.

59. HORMONAL METHODS

60. The implant is a single, thin rod that is inserted under the skin of a women’s upper arm. The rod contains a progestin that is released into the body over 3 years. Injection or “shot”—Women get shots of the hormone progestin in the buttocks or arm every three months from their doctor.

61. Combined oral contraceptives —Also called “the pill,” combined oral contraceptives contain the hormones estrogen and progestin. It is prescribed by a doctor. A pill is taken at the same time each day. Progestin only pill —Unlike the combined pill, the progestin-only pill (sometimes called the mini-pill) only has one hormone, progestin, instead of both estrogen and progestin. It is prescribed by a doctor. It is taken at the same time each day.

62. This skin patch is worn on the lower abdomen, buttocks, or upper body (but not on the breasts). This method is prescribed by a doctor. It releases hormones progestin and estrogen into the bloodstream. You put on a new patch once a week for three weeks. During the fourth week, you do not wear a patch, so you can have a menstrual period.

63. Hormonal vaginal contraceptive ring—The ring releases the hormones progestin and estrogen. You place the ring inside your vagina. You wear the ring for three weeks, take it out for the week you have your period, and then put in a new ring.

64. SPERMICIDES These products work by killing sperm and come in several forms—foam, gel, cream, film, suppository, or tablet. They are placed in the vagina no more than one hour before intercourse. You leave them in place at least six to eight hours after intercourse. You can use a spermicide in addition to a male condom, diaphragm, or cervical cap.

65. This operation is done to keep a man’s sperm from going to his penis, so his ejaculate never has any sperm in it that can fertilize an egg. The procedure is typically done at an outpatient surgical center. Male Sterilization–Vasectomy

66. ANALYSIS 1 When do we usually observe the changes listed above for males and female? 2. Were you able to experience the same changes? When? 3. If you were not able to experience the above listed changes, what might have caused such Difference? 4. How does society shape the sexual behavior of an individual? 5. Can we really change our natural or innate sexual organ and sexual response?

67. Self- reflection: Sexual self is important to understand because _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. What is the implication of sexual self in our daily living ? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________-.