UNDERSTANDING TYPHOONS -SCIENCE 8 (QUARTER 2)

LESSON: TYPHOONS

1. UNDERSTANDING TYPHOONS

2. WEATHER

3. WEATHER Is the atmospheric conditions, along with short-term changes , of a certain time. Is a day to day condition of the atmosphere at a particular time and place.

4. WEATHER Takes place at the troposphere, which is about 10 km thick at the poles and 16 km thick at the equator.

5. Meteorologist Scientist who study the atmosphere and the weather.

6. WEATHER VARIABLES Air temperature, air pressure, wind speed and direction, humidity, cloud coverage and precipitation

7. THE WATER CYCLE

8. STORMS also called cyclones , originate over warm waters and are classified according to their geographical location. HURRICANES are storms that occurs over the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, North Atlantic Ocean or the Northeast Pacific Ocean. TYPHOONS are storms that occur over the Northwest Pacific Ocean, and west of the International Dateline. CYCLONES are storms that occur in Indian Ocean.

9. TYPHOONS Comes from Greek word typhon , which means violent storm . Are an intense tropical storm with winds exceeding 119 km/hr. One of the most destructive storms on Earth. Like tornadoes, typhoons have circular shape with intense, swirling winds. Locally called “ bagyo ”

10. HOW TYPHOONS DEVELOP? A typhoon is formed when a series of clouds form a spiral pattern. This formation usually reaches several kilometres in diameter . The pattern moves with great strength in a counterclockwise direction powered by strong winds.

11. CLOUD WATCH

12. WEATHER WATCH

13. CLASSIFICATION OF TROPICAL TYPHOON

14. Categories are determine in terms of wind speed, thus a tropical depression have a wind speed of 64 kph ; tropical storm 118kph; typhoon -200kph; and super typhoon at 200 kph and more.

15. Q1. Where did the tropical cyclone form? On land or in the ocean? Q2 . What can you say about the temperature of the bodies of water in the vicinity of the Philippines? Is the water warm or cold? Q3 . In what direction did the tropical cyclones move? Q4. In the case of Agaton,Yoyong , and Huaning , where did they die out? Near land or in the middle of the ocean?

16. Tropical cyclones need water vapor in order to form. Tropical cyclones require warm ocean waters to be able to develop. ( 26.5ºC or greater) Tropical cyclones generally move in a northwest direction . When tropical cyclones reach land, they die out because they are cut off from the warm ocean waters that keep them going.

17. Conditions for Typhoon Formation

18. CONTINUOUS EVAPORATION AND WATER CYCLE DIFFERENCES IN AIR PRESSURE CONVERGENT WINDS

19. Two factors fuel a tropical cyclone into a full blown typhoon 1.Rapid updrafts or upward movement of water vapor from the ocean due to the fast rising warm air. 2.Condensation of water vapor which releases heat to the swirling wind

20. TRIVIA TIME

21. According to scientist the temperature of ocean water must be 26.5 degrees Celsius or greater to form typhoon.

22. A typhoon is also called a “ hurricane ” in western countries, “ tai fung ” in China, and “ taifu ” in Japan. The term “typhoon” is used in the Philippines and other countries in Asia.

23. Heavy rainfall is often caused by weather disturbance. The major weather disturbance that the Philippines encounter is the tropical cyclone (known as Bagyo ). Every year, around 20 tropical cyclones are experienced in the Philippines with varying intensities.

24. In 1963 by the Philippine Weather Bureau through the use of four sets of alphabetically arranged Filipino women nicknames ending in “ ng ” that are alternately used every four years. In 1999, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services (PAGASA) held a nationwide search for new generation tropical cyclone names. It was dubbed as “Name the Bagyo Contest.”The result of the search which was picked out from more than 18,000 entries was 140 no- gender-bias names that will be used until 2016 by PAGASA.

25. In November 2013, super typhoon Yolanda (also known as Haiyan ) made landfall on the eastern part of the Philippines, mainly in Leyte and Samar, leaving thousands of Filipino families homeless.

26. INSIDE TROPICAL CYCLONES The lowest air pressure is at the eye of a tropical cyclone. At the eye of a tropical cyclone, wind speed is low. At the eyewall , the wind speed is great. When the eye of a tropical cyclone passes over a certain place, it is the winds at the eyewall that wreak a lot of damage.

27. FACTORS AFFECTING THE WEATHER IN THE PHILIPPINES

28. The Philippines can be expected to experience typhoons many times in a year.

29. Why is the Philippine archipelago prone to typhoons?

30. LOCATION

31. The Philippine archipelago is strategically located within the typhoon belt of the pacific lying within the proximity of the Intertropical Convergence Zone where trade winds converge and storms commonly form within the western Pacific.

32. Intertropical Convergence Zone is an area where the Northern and Southern Hemispheric winds converge and rising air encircle the Earth near the equator (the rising air produces high cloudiness, frequent thunderstorms and heavy rainfall), usually located between 10 degrees North and South of the equator. And the Philippines lies within the ITCZ.

33. EFFECTS OF LANDFORMS

34. OROGRAPHY Study of the formation and topography of mountains and hills.

35. Orographic lifting occurs when air flows over mountains and is forced to rise, causing rain or snow over the mountains which is called orographic precipitation .

36. The Philippines has numerous mountain ranges and challenging terrains that influence the speed, intensity, and circulation of tropical cyclones. Land interaction may change the track of a typhoon especially when the land is mountainous. The rugged terrains and mountains can disrupt the center of the typhoon’s circulation

37. EFFECTS OF BODIES OF WATER

38. Large bodies of water can have an effect on the strength of typhoons that hit adjacent land masses. These bodies of water determine whether the air temperature will be warm or cold, or if the relative humidity will be high or low.

39. TYPHOON TRACKING

40. PAGASA Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration is the government agency responsible for monitoring typhoons and weather disturbances, weather forecasting, flood control, and astronomy research. They also give out various warning signals to advise the public and communities on what actions to take for safety during typhoons and other weather disturbances. PAGASA falls under the scope of Department of Science and Technology (DOST)

41. PAGASA Is also responsible for monitoring tropical cyclone occurrences within the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR) in the northwestern Pacific.

42. PAR It is bounded by an imaginary line drawn around the Philippines, including the bodies of water that surround the country. The imaginary line links the following coordinate points

43. When weather reports announce that the storm has just entered the PAR, it means that it is still at sea and has not yet fallen over land.

44. PUBLIC STORM WARNING SIGNALS

45. PSWS # 1 METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS: A tropical cyclone will affect the locality. Winds of 30-60 kph may be expected in at least 36 hours or intermittent rains may be expected within 36 hours.

46. PSWS # 1 IMPACT OFTHE WINDS: Twigs and branches of small trees may be broken. Some banana plants may be tilted or downed. Some houses of very light materials ( nipa and cogon) may be partially unroofed.

47. PSWS # 1 IMPACTS OF THE WINDS: Unless this warning signal is upgraded during the entire existence of the tropical cyclone, only very light or no damage at all may be sustained by the exposed communities. Rice crop, however, may suffer significant damage when it is in its flowering stage.

48. PSWS # 1 PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES: When the tropical cyclone is strong or is intensifying and is moving closer, this signal may be upgraded to the next higher level. The waves on coastal waters may gradually develop and become bigger and higher.

49. PSWS # 1 PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES: Inspect your house if necessary repair/fixing is needed. Clean up drainage system. Harvest crops that can be yielded. Monitor the latest Severe Weather Bulletin issued By PAGASA every six hours and hourly updates.

50. PSWS # 1 PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES: The people are advised to listen to the latest severe weather bulletin issued by PAGASA every six hours. In the meantime, business may be carried out as usual except when flood occur. Disaster preparedness is activated to alert status.

51. PSWS # 1 PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES: Prepare flashlights, batteries , matches, kerosene lamps, or candles and charcoal in anticipation of power failure, first aid kit and store ready to eat foods. Keep your cell phones fully charged. Elevate household things in case of flooding. For fishing folks, secure fishing boats in safe area.

52. PSWS # 2 METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS: A tropical cyclone will affect the the locality. Winds of greater than 60 kph and up to 100 kph may be expected in at least 24 hours.

53. PSWS # 2 IMPACT OFTHE WINDS: Some coconut trees may be tilted with few others broken. Few big trees may be uprooted. Many banana plants may be downed. Rice and corn may be adversely affected.

54. PSWS # 2 IMPACT OFTHE WINDS: Large number of nipa and cogon houses may be partially or totally unroofed. Some old galvanized iron roofings may be peeled off. In general, the winds may bring light to moderate damage to the exposed communities.

55. PSWS # 2 PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES: The sea and coastal waters are dangerous to small sea crafts. Special attention should be given to the latest position, the direction and speed of movement and the intensity of the storm as it may intensify and move towards the locality.

56. PSWS # 2 PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES: The general public especially people travelling by sea and air are cautioned to avoid unnecessary risks. Outdoor activities of children should be postponed.

57. PSWS # 2 PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES: Secure properties before the signal is upgraded. Disaster preparedness agencies / organizations are in action to alert their communities.

58. PSWS # 3 METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS: A tropical cyclone will affect the locality. Winds of greater than 100 kph up to 185 kph may be expected in at least 18 hours.

59. PSWS # 3 IMPACTS OF THE WIND Many coconut trees may be broken or destroyed. Almost all banana plants may be downed and a large number of trees may be uprooted. Rice and corn crops may suffer heavy losses. Majority of all nipa and cogon houses may be unroofed or destroyed and there may be considerable damage to structures of light to medium construction.

60. PSWS # 3 IMPACTS OF THE WIND There may be widespread disruption of electrical power and communication services. In general, moderate to heavy damage may be experienced, particularly in the agricultural and industrial sectors.

61. PSWS # 3 PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES: If the house is not strong enough to withstand the battering of strong winds go to designated evacuation center or seek shelter in stronger houses. Stay in safe houses until after the disturbances has left the area. Evacuate from low-lying area and riverbanks and stay away from coastal areas for possible flooding and storm surge.

62. PSWS # 3 PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES: All travel and outdoor activities should be cancelled. Watch out for the passage of the " EyeWall and the "Eye" of the typhoon.

63. PSWS # 3 PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES: The disturbance is dangerous to the communities threatened/affected. The sea and coastal waters will be very dangerous to all sea crafts . Travel is very risky especially by sea and air. People are advised to seek shelter in strong buildings, evacuate low- lying areas and to stay away from the coasts and river banks.

64. PSWS # 3 PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES: Watch out for the passage of the "eye" of the typhoon indicated by a sudden occurrence of fair weather immediately after very bad weather with very strong winds coming generally from the north . When the "eye" of the typhoon hit the community do not venture away from the safe shelter because after one to two hours the worst weather will resume with the very strong winds coming from the south.

65. PSWS # 3 PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES: Classes in all levels should be suspended and children should stay in the safety of strong buildings. Disaster preparedness and response agencies/organizations are in action with appropriate response to actual emergency.

66. PSWS # 4 METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS: A very intense typhoon will affect the locality. Very strong winds of more than 185 kph may be expected in at least 12 hours.

67. PSWS # 4 IMPACTS OF THE WIND Coconut plantation may suffer extensive damage. Many large trees may be uprooted. Rice and corn plantation may suffer severe losses. Most residential and institutional buildings of mixed construction may be severely damaged.

68. PSWS # 4 IMPACTS OF THE WIND Electrical power distribution and communication services may be severely disrupted. In the overall, damage to affected communities can be very heavy.

69. PSWS # 4 PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES: The situation is potentially very destructive to the community. All travels and outdoor activities should be cancelled. Evacuation to safer shelters should have been completed since it may be too late under this situation.

70. PSWS # 4 PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES: T he locality is very likely to be hit directly by the eye of the typhoon. As the eye of the typhoon approaches, the weather will continuously worsen with the winds increasing to its strongest coming generally from the north.

71. PSWS # 4 PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES: Then a sudden improvement of the weather with light winds (a lull) will be experienced. This means that the eye of the typhoon is over the locality. This improved weather may last for one to two hours depending on the diameter of the eye and the speed of movement. As the eye moves out of the locality, the worst weather experienced before the lull will suddenly commence.

72. PSWS # 4 PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES: This time the very strong winds will come generally from the south. The disaster coordinating councils concerned and other disaster response organizations are now fully responding to emergencies and in full readiness to immediately respond to possible calamity.

73. PAGASA RAINFALL ADVISORY

74. ADVISORY Is a report that notifies, informs, or recommends on what actions must be undertaken. It is issued to describe a tropical cyclone before a warning is raised. It is an official information issued by tropical warning centers describing all tropical cyclone watches and warnings. An advisory is issued with details concerning the tropical cyclone’s location, intensity, and movement. It is also has precautions that should be taken.

75. COLOR-CODED WARNING SIGNAL FOR RAINFALL YELLOW RAINFALL ADVISORY Is raised in areas where the expected rainfall amount is between 7.5 mm to 15 mm within 1 hour from posting the warning. Residents in low-lying communities are alerted of possible flooding in the area.

76. COLOR-CODED WARNING SIGNAL FOR RAINFALL ORANGE RAINFALL ADVISORY Is posted when rainfall amount is between 15 mm to 30 mm within 1 hour. Flooding is highly expected in the affected areas under the orange alert.

77. COLOR-CODED WARNING SIGNAL FOR RAINFALL RED RAINFALL ADVISORY Is raised when observed rainfall amount more than 30 mm within 1 hour. The warning is also issued if the downpour has continued for three hours and is more than 65 mm level. Communities within this warning should be prepared to evacuate the area due to serious flooding.

78. The rainfall warning system is useful to communities even if there is no typhoon. PAGASA has observed that lately “rains have become damaging even if there is no typhoon”.

79. SOME WAYS TO REDUCE DAMAGES SUSTAINED DURING TYPHOON Keep river channels free from waste and debris. Build a seawall to protect a community from rising seawater. Campaign for proper use of land. Prepare an evacuation plan.