Unit 03 Culture and health behaviour.pptx

Nursing can present many challenges, including:
Staff shortages
When there aren't enough experienced nurses, patients may not receive the quality of care they expect. This can also lead to nurses being stretched thin, making it difficult for them to be as attentive as they'd like.
Burnout
A combination of factors, including short staffing, lack of sleep, emotional and physical exhaustion, and stress, can lead to burnout.
Emotional involvement
Nurses are often exposed to trauma, stress, and sadness, which can lead to emotional contagion that can compromise their effectiveness and well-being.
Communication challenges
Nurses may have difficulty communicating with patients, especially those who are considered "difficult" and may exhibit inappropriate sexual behavior.

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Other challenges nurses may face include:
Patient deaths
High patient ratios
Risk of infection, injury, and death
COVID-19 fears
Electronic medical records
Nursing can present many challenges, including:
Staff shortages
When there aren't enough experienced nurses, patients may not receive the quality of care they expect. This can also lead to nurses being stretched thin, making it difficult for them to be as attentive as they'd like.
Burnout
A combination of factors, including short staffing, lack of sleep, emotional and physical exhaustion, and stress, can lead to burnout.
Emotional involvement
Nurses are often exposed to trauma, stress, and sadness, which can lead to emotional contagion that can compromise their effectiveness and well-being.
Communication challenges
Nurses may have difficulty communicating with patients, especially those who are considered "difficult" and may exhibit inappropriate sexual behavior.

Post University
Top Issues in Nursing and How Nurse Leaders Can Address Them
05-Jul-2023 — Patient Experience. Many of the issues highlighted above make it difficult for ...

healthecareers.com
Mindfulness in Nursing - healthecareers.com
Nursing is also an emotionally charged profession as nurses are regularly exposed to traum...
avanthealthcare.com
Why Tenured Nurses are Leaving the Nursing Profession
08-Sept-2022 — A lack of expe

1. UNIT III: Culture and Health Behavior/Socialization Presented by: Muhammad Younus Nursing Lecturer Horizon Institute of Health Sciences

2. Objectives At the end of this unit learners will be able to: • Explain the effects of culture on illness, cultural shock, and mal-adjustment. • Discuss the Cultural variations in Sickness, Birth and Death perspective. • Review the concept of Compliance in different cultures. • Describe the Food taboos in different cultures. • Define Behavior in-groups of status, deviance, alienation, and socialization.

3. Culture And Health • Culture is a pattern of ideas, customs and behaviors shared by a particular people or society. • Culture constantly evolves. • The speed of cultural evolution varies. It increases when a group migrates to and incorporates components of a new culture into their culture of origin.

4. Culture And Health • Children often struggles ‘between cultures’– balancing the ‘old’ and the ‘new’. • They essentially belong to both, whereas their parents often belong predominantly to the ‘old’culture.

5. CULTURE Visible and Hidden

6. The influence of culture on health is vast. It affects perceptions of: • Health • Illness • Birth • Death • Beliefs about causes of disease • Approaches to health promotion • How illness is experienced and expressed • Where patients seek help • Types of treatment patients prefer

7. • To analyze, it is important to see whether patient is primarily ‘collectivist’ or ‘individualist’. • Knowing the difference can help health professionals with diagnosis and with modifying a treatment plan accordingly.

8. Cultural shock • Cultural shock is an experience a person may have when moves to a cultural environment which is different from one's own. • It is also a personal disorientation a person may feel when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life due to immigration or a visit to a new country.

9. • A move between social environments, or simply transition to another type of life. • Cultural shock can be described in four distinct phases: • Honeymoon • Negotiation • Adjustment • Adaptation

10. Transition shock Culture shock is a subcategory of a more universal construct called transition shock. Transition shock" refers to the disorientation, anxiety, and stress that individuals may experience when they undergo a significant change or move from one environment, culture, or situation to another.

11. There are many symptoms of transition shock , including: Anger Boredom Compulsive eating/drinking Desire for home and old friends Excessive sleep Feelings of helplessness and withdrawal

12. Continued… Getting "stuck" on one thing Glazed stare Irritability Mood swings Stress reactions Stereotyping host nationals Suicidal thoughts Withdrawal

13. Phases of Cultural Shock Honeymoon • During this period, the differences between the old and new culture are seen in a dreamy light. • For example, in moving to a new country, an individual might love the new food, the pace of life, and the local’s habits. • During the first few weeks, most people are fascinated by the new culture.

14. Negotiation • After some time (usually around three months, depending on the individual), differences between the old and new culture become apparent and may create anxiety. • Excitement may eventually give way to unpleasant feelings of frustration and anger. • Person experience it as unfavorable events that may be perceived as strange and offensive to one's cultural attitude.

15. Adjustment • Again, after some time (usually 6 to 12 months), one grows accustomed to the new culture and develops routines. • One knows what to expect in most situations and the host country no longer feels all that new.

16. Adaptation • In the mastery stage individuals are able to participate fully and comfortably in the host culture. • Mastery does not mean total conversion; people often keep many traits from their earlier culture, such as accents and languages. • It is often referred to as the bicultural stage.

17. Reverse culture shock • Reverse culture shock (also known as "re-entry shock" or "own culture shock") may take place — returning to one's home culture after growing habitual to a new one can produce the same effects. • The affected person often finds this more surprising and difficult to deal with than the original culture shock.

18. • Reverse culture shock is generally made up of two parts: idealization and expectations. • When an extended period of time is spent abroad person focuses on the good from our past, cut out the bad, and create an idealized version of the past.

19. • The realization that life back home is now different. • Expectations refer to the assumptions and anticipations individuals have about what returning home will be like. These expectations may be influenced by memories of their home culture before leaving, which may not align with the current reality.

20. M al-a djustment • Refer the "inability to react successfully and satisfactorily to the demand of one's environment". • Mal adjustment affects an individual's ability to maintain a positive interpersonal relationship with others.

21. Factors of Mal-adjustment The causes of maladjustment can be: Family environment, personal factors, and school- related factors. Family causes • Children who possess a low socioeconomic status. • Parents who are abusive and highly authoritative

22. Personal causes • Children with physical, emotional or mental problems. • Child experience difficult time keeping up socially when compared to their peers. • This can cause a child to experience feeling of isolation and limits interaction.

23. School related causes • Children who are victimized by their peers at school are more at risk of being maladjusted. • They become prone to anxiety and feelings of insecurity. • Teachers who display unfair and biased attitudes towards children cause difficulties in their adjustment.

24. Cultural variations Pain and Analgesia • The expression of pain and the health- seeking behavior centered from culture to culture. • For example, in some cultures it is considered honorable and desirable to tolerate pain, while same behavior expectations are not shared by other cultures .

25. Birth and Early Infancy • Different cultural groups may have specific norms regarding • Isolation of postpartum mothers. • The care of the umbilicus • Early feedings • Co-sleeping • Circumcision. • Newborns and babies centers on covering their heads, even if in tropical climates.

26. Death and Dying • Death rituals are often shaped by culture. • In dying or severely ill patients, the patient and family member ’s expression of grief, • The use and acceptance of hospice care, • The termination of life support systems, • The integrity of the body and burial, • Other end-of-life rituals.

27. Concept of Compliance • The act or process of doing what you have been asked or ordered to do: the act or process of complying. • In moralizing, religions encourage people to anticipate supernatural punishments and rewards.

28. • Belief that an individual's ultimate punishment is being sent by God, the highest authority or believe of Karma. • In many religious cultures, including Christianity and Islam, Hell is traditionally depicted as fiery and painful, imposing guilt and suffering.

29. Food Taboos i n Different Cultures • Some people do not eat various specific foods and beverages in various religious, cultural, legal or other societal prohibitions. • Many of these prohibitions constitute taboos.

30. • Many food taboos and other prohibitions forbid the meat of a particular animal, including mammals, rodents, reptiles, amphibians, fish, molluscs, crustaceans and insects. • Which may relate to a disgust response being more often associated with meats than plant- based foods.

31. • Some prohibitions are specific to a particular part or excretion of an animal, while others forgo the consumption of plants or fungi. • Some food prohibitions can be defined as rules • Some foods may be prohibited during certain stages of life ( e.g. , pregnancy).

32. • Food taboos usually seem to be intended to protect the human individual from harm, spiritually or physically, but there are numerous other reasons given within cultures for their existence. • Judaism prescribes a strict set of rules, called Kashrut , regarding what may and may not be eaten, and notably forbidding the mixing of meat with dairy products. • Islam has similar laws, dividing foods into haram (forbidden) and halal (permitted).

33. • Most Hindus do not eat beef, and some Hindus apply the concept of ahimsa (non-violence) to their diet and consider vegetarianism as ideal, and practice forms of vegetarianism. • In some cases, the process of preparation rather than the food itself comes under scrutiny. For instance, in early medieval Christianity, certain uncooked foods were of dubious status

34. • Switzerland where rural consumption of cat and dog meat is traditional • Likewise, horse meat is rarely eaten in the English-speaking world, although it is part of the national cuisine of countries as widespread as Kazakhstan, Japan, Italy, and France.

35. Behavior in-groups of status STATUS: • There is a status ranking in social settings and in business settings. • These statuses ultimately stratify the world and break it down into levels based on the setting (social or business). • All these levels and layers of status can lead to inequality.

36. Scena rio • The boss walks out of his office and everyone in the room tenses up. This group of employees feels nervous or stressed because the boss can impact their lives due to his status. His status in this group of employees impacts how these individuals perform and work with him. • In the same scenario boss go in a meeting with higher executives in the corporate office, thus his status is lessened in this group.

37. • When he was in his office (the first group) he was at the top of the hierarchy, and now at the corporate office (the second group), he is lower in status. • This story is an example of the status characteristics theory , which states that differences in social status create hierarchies within groups.

38. Deviance • Deviance describes an action or behavior that violates social norms. • The violation of norms can be categorized as two forms, formal deviance and informal deviance. • Formal deviance is taken as crime, which violates laws in a society. • Informal deviance are minor violations that break unwritten rules of social life and rejecting folkways

39. Example of formal deviance include robbery, theft, rape, murder, and assault. Whereas standing unnecessarily close to another person in a queue is an example of Informal deviance.

40. Aliena tion • Social alienation is when individual or groups feels disconnected from the values, norms, practices, and social relations of their community or society. • For example: Discovering that a person who served as a role model has serious flaws, death in the family. • Some sociologists observe that individuals become alienated when they perceive government, employment, or educational institutions as irresponsible and unresponsive to their need.

41. SOCIALIZATION • Socialization is the process of internalizing the norms and ideologies of society . • Socialization essentially represents the whole process of learning throughout the life and is a central influence on the behavior, beliefs, and actions. • Individual views are influenced by the society's consensus and usually tend toward what that society finds acceptable or "normal".

42. Primary socialization • Primary Socialization occurs when a child learns the attitudes, values, and actions appropriate to individual as member of a particular culture. • It sets the groundwork for all future socialization.

43. Secondary socialization • The process of learning what is the appropriate behavior as a member of a smaller group within the larger society. • Secondary socialization takes place outside the home. • Where children and adults learn how to act in a way that is appropriate for society. • For example Schools require very different behavior from the home, and children must act according to new rules. • Relocating to a new job.

44. Resocialization • Process of discarding former behavior patterns accepting new ones as part of a transition in one's life. • For example experience of a woman after death of her husband.

45. Anticipatory socialization • When people are blocked from access to a group they might have wanted to join, they reject that group's values and norms, and instead begin the anticipatory socialization process with groups that are more receptive to them. • Law school students learning how to behave like lawyers, older people preparing for retirement, boys getting ready to become missionaries/preachers.

46. References • Horton, P. B., & Hunt. C. L. (2004). Sociology. (6th ed.). New York: McGraw- Hill. • Hughes, M. (2016). Sociology the core. (12th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. • https:/ /w w w.youtube.com/watch?v=xGfIdDK0nJw