Unit_09_-_Theories_of_Personality_and_Behaviour[1].pptx

Theories of personality and behavior...

1. Objectives Define personality and causes of different personalities  Discuss the three minds, conscious, preconscious, un-conscious mind and their features and connection with each other  Elaborate developmental theories by Sigmund and how ERIK ERIKSON emphasis psychosexual theories into psycho-social development Introduction to Sigmund and Erickson's theories of development Describe the different developmental stages with different tasks, success and fixation. 1

2. Personality Personality is the characteristic sets of behaviors, Cognitions and emotional patterns that evolve from biological and environmental. 2

3. Levels Of consciousness (Sigmund) 1. Conscious The two functions that the capabilities of the conscious mind can address are: Its ability to direct your focus. Its ability to imagine that which is not real 2. Preconcious The storage point for any recent memories needed for quick recall, It also holds current information that you use every day .   for example : one may not be thinking (conscious) of his address but readily recalls it when asked. 3. Unconcious This is  where all of our memories and past experiences reside These are those memories that have been repressed through trauma and those that have simply been consciously forgotten and no longer important to us (automatic thoughts). It’s from these memories and experiences that our beliefs, habits, and behaviors are formed. 3

4. Psychodynamic Theories Psycho- sexual stages were given by  SIGMUND FREUD How children go through a series of psycho-sexual stages that lead to the development of the adult personality and these five psychosexual stages serves as a source of pleasure. Psycho- social stages were given by  ERIK ERIKSON A psychologist who developed one of the most popular and influential theories of development. While his theory was impacted by Sigmund Freud,  Erikson's theory centered on psycho-social Development. 4

5. Developmental stages 5

6. Developmental stages Age ( 01 to 18months) 1. Oral stage ( SIGMUND) 1. Trust vs. Mistrust ( Erik Erikson's) During this time, an infant gets most of their pleasure from their mouth . baby’s main concerns are with oral gratification. This is associated with behaviors like eating and thumb-sucking During this stage, the infant is uncertain about the world in which they live, and looks towards their primary caregiver for stability and consistency of care.  6

7. Psychosocial Conflict : Trust versus mistrust Major Question : "Can I trust the people around me?" Important Event : Feeding Basic Virtue : Hope Fixation : Hopelessness 7

8. Developmental stages Age ( 18months to 03years) 2. Anal stage (Sigmund) At this stage the anus is the primary erogenous zone and pleasure is derived from controlling bladder and bowel movement. 2. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt (Erikson) children at this stage are focused on developing a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence  8

9. Psychosocial Conflict : Autonomy versus shame and doubt Major Question : "Can I do things myself or am I reliant on the help of others?" Important Event(s): Toilet training Basic Virtue : Will power and determination Fixation : obsessive compulsive disorder, Compulsivity, 9

10. Developmental stages Age ( 03 to 06years) 3 . Phallic (Sigmund) It is the most crucial sexual conflict in Freud's model of development. In this stage, the child's erogenous zone is the genital region. As the child becomes more interested in his genitals, and in the genitals of others, conflict arises. 3 Initiative versus guilt (Erikson) Baby enters in the preschool age that he begins the third stage of psychosocial development centered on initiative versus guilt. If they have successfully completed the earlier two stages, kids now have a sense that the world is trustworthy and that they are able to act independently.  Now it is important for kids to learn that they can exert power over themselves and the world.  They need to try things on their own and explore their own abilities. 10

11. Oedipus complex: In psychoanalytic theory,  a desire for sexual involvement with the parent of the opposite sex and a concomitant sense of rivalry with the parent of the same sex ; a crucial stage in the normal developmental process. Sigmund Freud introduced the concept.(1899)   Electra complex : A girl's sense of competition with her mother for the affections of her father. It is comparable to the Oedipus complex in males. 11

12. Psychosocial Conflict: Initiative versus Guilt Major Question : “Am I good or bad?” Important Event (s): Exploration, Play Basic Virtue : Purpose courage Fixation : doubt or shame sever inhibition. Autonomy Ruthlessness 12

13. Developmental stages Age ( 06 to 12years) 4. Latency (Sigmund) The latency stage is the forth stage of psychosexual development, spanning the period of six years to puberty. During this stage the libido is dormant and no further psychosexual development takes place  4. Industry vs. inferiority (Erikson) focus on the socioemotional factors that influence an individual's psychological growth. At each point in development, baby copes with a psychosocial crisis. In order to resolve this crisis, children and adults are faced with mastering the developmental task primarily to that stage. 13

14. Psychosocial Conflict: Industry vs. Inferiority Major Question: "How can I be good" Important Event(s): School Basic Virtue : Competencies skills Fixation : Anxiety, Depression 14

15. Developmental stages Age ( 12 to 18years) 5. Genital Stage (Sigmund) The onset of puberty causes the libido to become active once again If the other stages have been completed successfully, the individual should now be well-balanced, warm, and caring During the final stage of psychosexual development, the individual develops a strong sexual interest in the opposite sex  This stage begins during puberty but last throughout the rest of a person's life. Identity vs. Role Confusion (Erikson) During this stage, adolescents explore their independence and develop a sense of self. As they transition from childhood to adulthood, teens may begin to feel confused or insecure about themselves and how they fit into society As they seek to establish a sense of self, teens may experiment with different roles, activities, and behaviors. According to Erikson, this is important to the process of forming a strong identity and developing a sense of direction in life. 15

16. Psychosocial conflict: Identity vs. confusion Major question: "Who am I?" Important event (s): Social relationships Basic virtue : Specification Fidelity Commitment Fixation: Shifting roles Difficulties with commitment 16

17. Developmental stages (Erikson) Age ( 18 to 40years) 6.Intimacy Romantic and sexual relationships can be an important part of this stage of life, but intimacy is more about having close, loving relationships. It includes romantic partners, but it can also encompass close, enduring friendships with people outside of your family. Intimacy requires being able to share parts of yourself with others, as well as the ability to listen to and support other people. These relationships are reciprocal—you are sharing parts of yourself, and others are sharing with you Isolation You might experience rejection or other responses that cause you to withdraw. It might harm your confidence and self-esteem, making you warier of putting yourself out there again in the future. 17

18. Psychosocial Conflict : Intimacy versus isolation Major Question: "Will I be loved or will I be alone?" Important Event (s): Romantic relationships BASIC VIRTUE: Love, Strong and deep romantic relationships Close relationships with friends and family Strong social support network Fixation: Lack of relationships Poor romantic relationship with friends and family Weak social support network 18

19. Developmental stages (Erikson) Age ( 40 to 65 years) 7. Generativity Generativity refers to "making your mark" on the world by caring for others as well as creating and accomplishing things that make the world a better place. During this time, adults strive to create or nurture things that will outlast them; often by parenting children or contributing to positive changes that benefit other people. Contributing to society and doing things to benefit future generations in important needs Stagnation Stagnation refers to the failure to find a way to contribute. These individuals may feel disconnected or uninvolved with their community and with society as a whole. Some characteristics of stagnation include 19

20. Psychosocial Conflict: Generativity Versus Stagnation Major Question: "How can I contribute to the world?" Important Event(s): Parenthood Basic Virtue: Care Increased community involvement Greater fulfillment Greater productivity Mentoring others Contributing to the next generation FIXATION Being self-centered Not taking an interest in productivity 20

21. Developmental stages (Erikson) Age ( 65to last breath) 8. Integrity Integrity refers to a person's ability to look back on their life with a sense of accomplishment and fulfillment. Characteristics of integrity include 8. Despair Despair refers to looking back on life with feelings of regret, shame, or disappointment. Characteristics of despair include: 21

22. Psychosocial Conflict : Integrity versus despair Major Question: "Did I live a meaningful life?" Important Event( s): Reflecting back on life Virtue: Acceptance Virtue Wisdom Peace Ego integrity fixation: Increased depressive symptoms Decreased life satisfaction Increased regret 22

23. Conclusion Freud's theory emphasised on psychosexual stages, however, Erikson's theory described the impact of social experience across the whole lifespan. Erikson was interested in how social interaction and relationships played a role in the development and growth of human beings Erikson's theory of psychosocial development entail Much like Sigmund Freud, Erikson believed that personality developed in a series of stages. In Erikson's view, these conflicts are centered on either developing a psychological quality or failing to develop that quality. During these times, the potential for personal growth is high but so is the potential for failure 23

24. References Orenstein GA, Lewis L. Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. Fadjukoff P, Pulkkinen L, Kokko K. Identity formation in adulthood: A longitudinal study from age 27 to 50. Identity (Mahwah, N J). 2016;16(1):8-23. doi:10.1080/15283488.2015.1121820 Erikson, E.H. Childhood and Society. (2nd ed.). New York: Norton; 1993. Vogel- Scibilia SE, McNulty KC, Baxter B, Miller S, Dine M, Frese FJ. The recovery process utilizing Erikson's stages of human development. Community Ment Health J. 2009;45(6):405-14. doi:10.1007/s10597-009-9189-4 De kuyper E. The Freudian construction of sexuality: the gay foundations of heterosexuality and straight homophobia. J Homosex . 1993;24(3-4):137-44. doi : 10.1300/J082v24n03_10 Shaffer, DR & Kipp , K. Developmental Psychology: Childhood and Adolescense . Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning; 2010. 24