Unit-1-introduction to nursing Research for IV

Lecture notes

1. Unit-I
Introduction to Nursing Research
by
Muhammad Shahid
MSN,CHQP, BSN, DCN, RN, BSc
Ph D Scholar (Ziauddin University)
Assistant Professor/Principal
School of Nursing
Kharadar General Hospital
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2. Lecture Outcomes
•At the completion of this unit learners will be to;
•Definition and purposes of nursing research
•Describe ways of knowing in nursing (tradition, authority, borrowing,
trial and error, intuition, and research)
•Identify role of a nurse in research as ADN, BS, MS, PhD, and DNP
•Explain Evidence Based Practice through research.
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3. Definitions
•Research: It is a systematic, formal, rigorous, and precise
process used to gain solutions to problems or discover and
interpret new facts and relationships.
•Nursing Research: is systemic inquiry designed to develop
knowledge about issues of importance to nurses, including
nursing practice, nursing education, and nursing administration.
•Research-based Practice: using research findings to inform
the decisions, actions, and interaction of nurses with clients.
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4. Purposes of Nursing Research
There are several reasons for conducting research
investigations, description of phenomena, exploration, or
prediction of occurrence of a specific phenomenon.
In nursing the purposes of research are:
•To build a body of nursing knowledge
•To validate improvements in nursing practice
•To make healthcare efficient and cost effective
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5. Importance of research in nursing:
1.Emphasizing on the development and utilization of nursing knowledge,
which is essential for continued improvement in patient care.
2.Nurses' need to document the effectiveness of their practices not only to the
profession, but also to the clients, administrators, and other professionals.
(Thus research findings help them to eliminate nursing actions that do
not achieve desired outcomes or to identify the practices that alter health
care outcomes and contain costs).
3.Nurses' need for understanding the varied dimensions of their profession,
(theoretical, ethical, practical dimensions, etc.)
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6. Importance of research in nursing:
4. Research enables nurses to describe:
a)The characteristics of a particular nursing situation
about which little is known.
b)Explain phenomena that must be considered in
planning nursing care.
c)Predict the probable outcomes of certain nursing
decisions.
d)Control the occurrence of undesired outcomes.
e)Initiate activities to promote desired client behavior.
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7. Roles of nurses in nursing research:
•It is every nurse's responsibility to engage in one or
more roles along the research participation:
1.Indirect participation:
This is a minimum nurse involvement in a research
responsibility. It is done when a nurse read a research
report to keep up-to-date on relevant findings that may
affect their practice. This level is called "research
utilization".
Research Utilization: "Is the use of the research
findings in a practice setting"
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8. Roles of nurses in nursing research:
2. Direct participation: in which nurses are nursing research
producers. They are actively participating in designing and implementing
research studies.
3. Between these two dimensions of research participation, there are a
variety of roles for nurses to play, from these roles:
a)Attending research presentations at professional conferences.
b) Evaluating completed research for its possible use in practice.
c) Discussing the implications and relevance of research findings with
clients.
d) Giving clients information and advice about participation in studies.
e)Assisting in the collection of research information (e.g., distributing
questionnaires to clients).
f) Reviewing a proposed research plan for its applicability in clinical
settings.
g) Assisting with the development of an idea for a clinical research
project.
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9. Roles of nurses in nursing research:
Baccalaureate Nurses
•Be able to evaluate research in terms of its applicability
to nursing practice-research utilization
•Be able to identify problems for future investigation
•Offer clinical expertise to improve a proposed research
plan
•Data collection
•Inform/assist with informed consent/answer questions
•To incorporate research findings into practice
•Share research findings with colleagues
•Participate in a journal club
•Attend research presentations
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10. Roles of nurses in nursing research:
Masters Prepared Nurses
•Conduct investigations
•Assist others with their research
•Help others apply research to practice
•Work toward developing a climate conducive to
research
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11. Roles of nurses in nursing research:
Doctoral Prepared Nurses
•Direct research projects
•Provide leadership in conducting research and
disseminating research findings
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12. Scientific BaseScientific Base
•The knowledge generated through research is
essential to provide a scientific base for
1.Description,
2.Explanation,
3.Prediction and
4.Control of nursing practice.
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13. DescriptionDescription
•Description involves identifying the nature and attributes of
nursing phenomena and sometimes the relationships among
these phenomena.
(Chinn & Kramar, 1995)
•Through selected research methods nurses are able to describe
what exits in nursing practice, discover new information or
classify information for use in discipline.
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14. ExplanationExplanation
•In explanation, the relationships among variables are clarified
and the reasons why certain events occur are identified.
•For example, research has indicated that elderly patients’ risk
of developing pressure ulcers is significantly related to their
level of mobility and the type of support surface (bed) on
which they are placed.
(Kemp et al., 1993; Vyhidal et al., 1997)
Determining relationships among variables provide a basis for
conducting studies for the purpose of predicting and
controlling patient outcomes.
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15. PredictionPrediction
•Through prediction, one can estimate the probability of a
specific outcome in a given situation.
(Chinn & Kramer 1995)
•However, predicting an outcome does not necessarily enable
you to modify or control the outcome. With predictive
knowledge, nurses could anticipate the effects nursing
interventions would have on patients and families.
•Health promotion research is being conducted to predict the
effects of healthy behaviors such as exercising regularly,
eating a balanced diet and not smoking on health status and
longevity.
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16. ControlControl
•If one can predict the outcome of a situation, the next step is
to control or manipulate the situation to produce the desired
outcome.
•Control can be described as the ability to write a prescription
to produce the desired results. Nurses could prescribe certain
interventions to help patients and families achieve high-
quality outcomes.
• Studies that documented the effectiveness of specific
nursing interventions make it possible to provide care that
will produce the best outcomes for patients and their
families.
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17. Ways of acquiring knowledge
•Traditions
•Authority
•Borrowing
•Trial and Error
•Personal experience
•Role-Modeling
•Intuition
•Reasoning
•Research
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18. Ways of acquiring knowledge Cont..
Tradition
Truth and beliefs that are based on customs and past
trends.
e.g. Hospital nursing units
Developed with past experience, however, units are
set according to traditional rules might not be
effective and efficient.
Need research for quality of life instructions.
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19. Ways of acquiring knowledge Cont..
Authority
A person with expertise and power who is able to
influence opinion and behavior.
But may have the information that may not validate
from research
Borrowing
Borrowing is nursing involves the appropriation and
use of knowledge from other fields or discipline to
guide nursing practice.
But difficulties to set boundaries
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20. Ways of acquiring knowledge Cont..
Trial & Error
Trial & Error is an approach with unknown outcome
that is used in a situation of uncertainty in which
other sources of knowledge are unavailable.
But the time and patients health are on risk
Role modeling
Is learning by imitating the behaviors of an expert.
But mentorship might be difficult to give
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21. Ways of acquiring knowledge Cont..
Personal Experience
Personal involves gaining knowledge by being personally
involved in an event, a situation or a circumstances.
1) Novice: No experience
2) Advance beginner: Experience at some extent
3) Competent: Able to generate and achieve
long range goals.
4) Proficient: Well experienced and could
tackle the patient as a whole,
family and community
5) Expert: Well exposed and faster in
her/his approach
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22. Ways of acquiring knowledge Cont..
Intuition
Intuition is an insight or understanding of a situation or event as a
whole that usually can not be explained logically.
Gut feeling, this does not mean a lack of knowledge rather a
deep knowledge.
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23. Ways of acquiring knowledge Cont..
6. Logical reasoning:
•Reasoning "is the mental processing of ideas to solve
problems".
•Two intellectual mechanisms are used in reasoning:
deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning

24. Comparison of Nursing Process &
Research Process
NURSING PROCESS
1.Assessment – Data collection &
interpretation
2.Nursing Diagnosis
3.Plan – goal identified & planned
interventions
4.Implementation
5.Evaluation & Modification
RESEARCH PROCESS
1.Knowledge of the World of
Nursing
2.Problem Identification
3.Design- Methodology
4.Data Collection & Analysis
5.Outcomes
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25. Historical Events Influencing Research Historical Events Influencing Research
in Nursingin Nursing
S.No Years Historical Event
1850 Nightingale, first nurse researcher
1900 American Journal of Nursing (first published)
1950 American Nurses Association (ANA) study of nursing
functions and activities.
1952 Nursing Research (first published)
1953 Institute of Research and Service in Nursing Education
1963 International Journal of Nursing Studies (first Published)
1965 ANA sponsored nursing research conferences
1967 Image (Sigma Theta Tau Publication) (first Published)
1970 ANA Commission on Nursing Research
1978 Research in Nursing & Health (first published)
Advances in Nursing Science (first published)25

26. Continue….Continue….
S.No Years Historical Event
1979 Western Journal of Nursing Research (first published)
1982-83 Conduct and Utilization of Research in Nursing Project
(published)
1983 Annual Review of Nursing Research (first published)
1985 National Center for Nursing Research (NCNR)
established within the National Institutes of Health
1987 Scholarly Inquiry for Nursing Practice (first published)
1988 Applied Nursing Research (first published)
Nursing Science Quarterly (first published)
1989 Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR)
was established Clinical practice guidelines were
first published by the AHCPR
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27. Continue…Continue…
S.No Years Historical Event
1992 Healthy People 2000 was published by Department
of Health and Human Services (DHHS).
Clinical Practice Guidelines : Urinary Incontinence
in Adults, Acute Pain Management and Pressure
Ulcers in Adults were published by AHCPR.
Clinical Nursing Research was first published.
1993 NCNR was renamed the National Institute of
Nursing Research (NINR).
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29. References
•Burns, N., and Grove, S.K. (2007).“Understanding Nursing
Research;
32 building an evidence based practice” 4
th
edition, New Delhi,
Elsevier.
•Polit, D.F., and Bech, C.T. “Nursing Research; principles and
Methods” 7
th
edition, LWW.
•Kumar, R. (2018). Research methodology: A step-by-step guide for
beginners.
 
Research methodology, 1-528.
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