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1. 1
Orientation to Computing-I
L T P :2 0 0
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2. Unit-1 (Computer Languages)
•Machine Language
•Assembly Language
•High Level Language
•Steps in development of a Program
•Compilation and Execution
•Compiler
•Interpreter
•Assembler
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MACHINE LANGUAGE
•Machinelanguageisalow-levellanguagemadeupofbinarynumbersor
bitsthatacomputercanunderstand.
•Itisalsoknownasmachinecodeorobjectcodeandisextremelytoughto
comprehend.
•Theonlylanguagethatthecomputerunderstandsismachinelanguage.All
programmesandprogramminglanguages,suchasSwiftandC++,produce
orrunprogrammesinmachinelanguagebeforetheyarerunona
computer.
•Whenaspecifictask,eventhesmallestprocessexecutes,machine
languageistransportedtothesystemprocessor.Computersareonlyable
tounderstandbinarydataastheyaredigitaldevices.

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MACHINE LANGUAGE
•Machinelanguagesconsistofstringsofnumbersultimatelyreducedto
1'sand0's.Thecomputerrespondstothesenumbersbyperforming
differentoperations.
•Eachcomputercandirectlyunderstandonlyonelanguage—itsown
machinelanguage.Withmachinelanguageaprogrammercaninstructa
computertoperformitsmostfundamentaloperations.
•Programswritteninmachinelanguagearenotportable,thatis,theymay
notberunonothercomputerswithdifferentmachinelanguages.
•Machinelanguageprogramsareeasyforcomputerstounderstand,but,
forpeople,machinelanguageprogrammingistediousworksusceptible
toerror.

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ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
•Incomputerprogramming,assemblylanguage(orassemblerlanguage,or
symbolicmachinecode),isanylow-levelprogramminglanguagewithavery
strongcorrespondencebetweentheinstructionsinthelanguageandthe
architecture'smachinecodeinstructions.
Whatdoesassemblycodedo?
•Assemblycodeisconvertedintoexecutablemachinecodebyautilityprogram
referredtoasanassembler.
•Theconversionprocessisreferredtoasassembly,asinassemblingthesource
code.Thecomputationalstepwhenanassemblerisprocessingaprogramis
calledassemblytime.

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8. High Level Languages
•AHIGH-LEVELLANGUAGE(HLL)isaprogramminglanguagesuchas
C,FORTRAN,orpascalthatenablesaprogrammertowriteprogramsthat
aremoreorlessindependentofaparticulartypeofcomputer.
•Suchlanguagesareconsideredhigh-levelbecausetheyareclosertohuman
languagesandfurtherfrommachinelanguages
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9. Steps in development
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10. Work Flow
•USERWRITES APROGRAM INCLANGUAGE (HIGH-
LEVELLANGUAGE) .
•THECCOMPILER, COMPILES THEPROGRAM AND
TRANSLATES ITTOASSEMBLY PROGRAM (LOW-
LEVELLANGUAGE) .
•AN ASSEMBLER THEN TRANSLATES THE
ASSEMBLY PROGRAM INTO MACHINE CODE
(OBJECT).
•ALINKER TOOLISUSEDTOLINKALLTHEPARTS
OFTHEPROGRAM TOGETHER FOREXECUTION
(EXECUTABLE MACHINE CODE).
•ALOADER LOADS ALLOFTHEM INTOMEMORY
ANDTHENTHEPROGRAM ISEXECUTED .
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12. Compiler
•Acompilerisaspecialprogramthattranslatesaprogramminglanguage's
sourcecodeintomachinecode,bytecodeoranotherprogramming
language.
•Thesourcecodeistypicallywritteninahigh-level,human-readable
languagesuchasJavaorC++.
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13. Interpreter
•Aninterpreter,likeacompiler,translateshigh-level
languageintolow-levelmachinelanguage.Thedifference
liesinthewaytheyreadthesourcecodeorinput.
•Acompilerreadsthewholesourcecodeatonce,creates
tokens,checkssemantics,generatesintermediatecode,
executesthewholeprogramandmayinvolvemanypasses.
•Incontrast,aninterpreterreadsastatementfromtheinput,
convertsittoanintermediatecode,executesit,thentakes
thenextstatementinsequence.Ifanerroroccurs,an
interpreterstopsexecutionandreportsit.whereasa
compilerreadsthewholeprogramevenifitencounters
severalerrors.
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14. Assembler
•Anassemblertranslatesassemblylanguageprogramsintomachinecode.
•Theoutputofanassembleriscalledanobjectfile,whichcontainsa
combinationofmachineinstructionsaswellasthedatarequiredtoplace
theseinstructionsinmemory.
•Anassemblerisatypeofcomputerprogramthatinterpretssoftware
programswritteninassemblylanguageintomachinelanguage,codeand
instructionsthatcanbeexecutedbyacomputer.
•Anassemblerenablessoftwareandapplicationdeveloperstoaccess,
operateandmanageacomputer'shardwarearchitectureandcomponents
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