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1. MEC241
ENGINEERING SUSTAINABLE
DEVELEOPMENT
Unit - 1
Introduction to Sustainable
Systems

2. Unsustainable & Unsustainability
•Any thing that is not capable of being
prolonged or continued
•Something that cannot continue at the
same rate
•Which are causing damage to the
environment by using more of something
than can be replaced naturally
•The state or condition of being
unsustainable is called unsustainability.

3. The three core drivers of unsustainability
•Consumption
•Use of resources beyond the reasonable limits set
by nature
•Production
•Gross inefficiencies in production.
•Distribution
•Inequitable distribution e.g. distribution of global
income between rich and poor

4. Introduction
“Development” and “Sustainability”
•Development should mean improving human well
being in all 3 dimensions ― economic, social, and
environmental..
•Sustainability means meeting our own needs
without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs. In addition
to natural resources, we also need social and
economic resources.

5. •Sustainable Development means economic
development that is conducted without
depletion of natural resources.
•Sustainable Development is the organizing
principle for meeting human development
goals while at the same time sustaining the
ability of natural systems to provide the
natural resources and ecosystem services
upon which the economy and society depend
Sustainable Development…

7. Goal 1: No poverty: End poverty in all its forms
everywhere.
PM Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PMGKAY), Antyodaya Anna
Yojana (AAY).
Goal 2: Zero hunger: End hunger, achieve food
security and improved nutrition, and promote
sustainable agriculture.
National Food Security Act (NFSA), Pradhan Mantri Fasal
Beema Yojana, Integrated Child Development Services
(ICDS)

8. Goal 3: Good health and well-being for people:
Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for
all at all ages.
Ayushman Bharat - Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya
Yojana (AB-PMJAY), National Health Mission (NHM)
Goal 4: Quality education: Ensure inclusive and
equitable quality education and promote
lifelong learning opportunities for all.
National Education Policy 2020, Samagra Shiksha,
Rashtriya Ucchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA) etc.

9. Goal 5: Gender equality: Achieve gender equality and
empower all women and girls.
Beti Bachao Beti Padhao, Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana
provide financial access to women entrepreneurs.
Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation: Ensure availability
and sustainable management of water and sanitation
for all.
Swachh Bharat Mission, National Rural Drinking Water
Programme (NRDWP)

10. Goal 7: Affordable and clean energy: Ensure
access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and
modern energy for all.
Pradhan Mantri Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan
Mahabhiyan (PM-KUSUM)", "National Green Hydrogen
Mission", "PM Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana“.
Goal 8: Decent work and economic growth:
Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable
economic growth, full and productive
employment and decent work for all.
“Skill India Mission”, Pradhan Mantri Kaushal
Vikas Yojana (PMKVY)
•Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY):

11. Goal 9: Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure: Build
resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and
sustainable industrialization, and foster innovation".
Make in India, Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana
Goal 10: Reducing inequalities: Reduce income
inequality within and among countries.
Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY),
Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY)

12. Goal 11: Sustainable cities and communities:
Make cities and human settlements inclusive,
safe, resilient, and sustainable.
Smart Cities Mission, Atal Mission for Urban
Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT),
Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana-Urban (PMAY-U)
Goal 12: Responsible consumption and
production: Ensure sustainable consumption and
production patterns.
National Waste Plan with EPR (Extended Producer
Responsibility)

13. Goal 13: Climate action: Take urgent action to combat
climate change and its impacts by regulating emissions
and promoting developments in renewable energy.
National Action Plan on Climate Change, Single-use
plastic ban etc.
Goal 14: Life below water: Conserve and sustainably use
the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable
development.
Jal Shakti Abhiyan, Atal Bhujal Yojana, and the
National Water Mission

14. Goal 15: Life on land: Protect, restore and
promote sustainable use of earthly
ecosystems, sustainably manage forests,
combat desertification.
National Afforestation Programme,
Integrated Development of Wildlife Habitats
Programme,
National Action Plan to Combat Desertification

15. Goal 16: Peace, justice and strong institutions: Promote
peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable
development, provide access to justice for all and build
effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all
levels.
People's Plan Campaign, Promoting the rule of law etc.
Goal 17: Partnerships for the goals: Strengthen the
means of implementation and regenerate the global
partnership for sustainable development.
National development plans, NITI Aayog

16. Pillars of Sustainability

17. •Economic: Maximize income while
maintaining a constant or increasing stock
of capital
•Ecological: Maintaining resilience and
robustness of biological and physical
systems
•Socio-cultural/ Society: Maintaining the
stability of social and cultural systems

18. Economic dimension
An economically sustainable system must be
able to produce goods and services on a
continuing basis, to maintain manageable
size of government and external debt and to
avoid sectoral imbalances (maintain
diversity)

19. Environmental dimension
A stable resource base, do not overcome the
waste assimilative ability of the environment
nor the regenerative services of the
environment, deplete non-renewables only to
the extent we invest in renewable substitutes.

20. Social dimension
Achieve distributional equity, adequate
provision of social services including health and
education, gender equity and political
accountability and participation

21. The three pillars: key interconnections
•The economy needs environmental inputs and
sociopolitical stability.
•Many socio-political & environmental
improvements must be paid for, hence depend
on a degree of economic well-being.
•Socio-political stability and values can’t survive
either economic or environmental disaster.

22. Protect the environment and at the
same time fulfill economic and social
objectives.

23. •Eradicating extreme poverty
•Defeating preventable diseases
•Mastering the energy/economy/environment
dilemma (above all, providing the energy our
economies need without spoiling the climate
our environment needs)
•Adapting to the degree of climate change that
can no longer be avoided
•Managing (at the same time) the growing
competition for the planet’s land, water, &
biomass
Key sustainability challenges

24. The challenges are interconnected
•Poverty & local environmental degradation are
linked in a vicious circle of cause & effect.
deforestation for fuel, wood, subsistence
farming; desertification & erosion from
overgrazing
•Preventable disease is linked to environment &
poverty.
lack of sanitation & clean water, acute air
pollution in rural from traditional fuels,
malnutrition & low birth weight from inadequate
diets

25. Interconnections (continued)
•Economic progress intensifies the competition for
land, water as well as the energy/economy/climate
dilemma:
improved diets increase demand for grain (for
animal feed), grazing land, soybeans, fish…
use of water & energy soar with income
climate change, largely from energy supply,
marine food production and water availability…
while increasing demand for biofuels and
standing forests (to keep CO
2 out of
atmosphere).

26. Sustainable Product Design
“focuses on creating objects that minimize
environmental impact while supporting long-
term ecological balance.”

27. Explanation
Sustainable product design is the philosophy of
designing physical objects, to comply with the
principles of economic, social and ecological
sustainability.

28. Sustainable Design
•Sustainable design is a kind of design meant to yield
products that are made only of renewable resources.
•Furthermore, products made though sustainable
design are intended not to seriously impact the
environment either when they are being created or
when they are being used.
•These products are also often designed to allow the
users to feel more connected or to relate more
closely to the natural environment.

30. •Sustainable design is also called
"environmental design" OR "environmentally
sustainable design" or "ESD."
•It is based on economic, ecological, and social
principles regarding the importance of
sustainability.

31. How to make Sustainable Design?
1. Make it Less Complex
◦ Simple, elegant designs can reduce material, weight, and
manufacturing processes. Simple designs usually also
mean less material variety and can help make a product
more recyclable.
2. Make it More Usefull
◦ there is a big difference between usefulness and
complexity. Only make the product more desirable and
interesting, it will also help reduce the number of
products headed for landfills. Multiuse products can
reduce consumption and increase convenience.

32. 3. Reduce Material Variety
◦ Designing as many aspects of the product as you can from the same
material makes recycling the product at its end of life easier, more
efficient, and more profitable.
4. Avoid Toxic and Harmful Materials and Chemicals
◦ Materials like PVC, polystyrene, and toxic chemicals, should be avoided
when possible. Many of these materials have suitable non-toxic
counterparts, like copolyesters or bioplastics, and additives can be
eliminated by choosing materials wisely.
5. Reduce Size and Weight
◦ Lightweight products can reduce carbon emissions and cost Weight can
often be saved by focusing on choosing lightweight materials, simplifying
designs, and eliminating unnecessary fasteners and components.

33. 6. Design for Upgaredability
◦ In the electronics industry, the technology in a product can
become obsolete long before the design.
◦ Designing products that can be upgraded to keep up with rapidly
changing technical performance can save materials and
money.
7. Create durable and High Quality Designs
◦ People want high quality products that will look and function
beautifully long after the competing product has died, and
they’re willing to pay a little more for that type of design.
◦ Designed properly, products can exceed the “throw away”
culture that dominates electronics today.

34. 8. Design for Life after Death
◦ Most products don’t last forever. Products designed to
have secondary usages after their primary function has
lapsed can add value to the product, and may fill a need
that would be filled by another purchased product
instead.

35. Principles of Sustainable Product Design
•Efficient use of raw materials (e.g. lightweight
construction with regenerative materials and reduction of
waste)
•Resource efficient design (e.g. by optimization of energy
and water consumption or materials)
•Durable design (e.g. stable construction and high
longevity)
•High disposability (e.g. use of easily degradable
materials)
•Efficient logistics (e.g. minimized packing and efficient
transports)

36. •Proper training and education for the workers (e.g. at the
production site)
•Observing and complying with human rights issues (e.g.
discrimination based on gender)
•Worker‘s health and safety (e.g. equipment in toxic
environments)
•Consumer health & safety (e.g. informing the consumer
via product labels and voluntary information)

37. Categorization of Sustainable Product
1. Biological Products: A biological product is one which is made of
biological nutrients like organic material such as wood and can easily
be consumed by the microorganisms in the soil or by other animals.
So that it continues in the cycle of nature.
2. Technical Products: A technical product is one that is made with
technological nutrients like industrial materials such as metals or
plastics and designed to go back into the technical cycle, or the cycle
of industry. It can continually enrich the industry by being consumed
as industrial “food.”
During recycling, if the metals would be smelted only with like metals
then they will retain their high quality; likewise for plastics and thus
continue to circulate in the cycle of industry as technical nutrients.

38. Principles of Sustainable Engineering
•Ensure that material/energy inputs and outputs not
harmful
•Waste minimization over waste management.
•Design for easy separation and purification.
•All components must be designed for maximum
energy, and efficiency etc.
•Avoid unnecessary consumption of mass/energy
versus.
•Use entropy and complexity as guidelines to decide
end-of-cycle.

39. •A product must not have unnecessary
capabilities/capacities.
•Minimize material diversity.
•Product creation is only one part of the cycle.
•Evaluate products based on life-cycle analysis.
•Prioritize the use of renewable and readily
available resources.
Principles of Sustainable Engineering

40. Framework for Applying Sustainability
Principles
•Design process
Establish common goals and then align incentives
Practice mutual learning
Share all information with everyone
•Design principles
Focus on the fundamental desired outcome
Learn from nature
Apply systems thinking
•Design methods
Define the scope to align with vision and desired
outcomes

41. Design on a clean sheet
Start design analysis at the end-use and work
Upstream
Seek simple elegant solutions
Value place
Move resource impact toward zero
Rethink waste
Use renewable inputs
Use non-hazardous materials
Seek multiple benefits from single expenditures
Protect and restore natural, social, and economic systems
Build in feedback
Consider the entire life-cycle of the system
Tunnel through the cost barrier

43. Ethics
•Code of moral principles
•Set standards of “good” or “bad” or “right” or
“wrong” in one’s conduct.
An ethical behavior is the application of moral
principles in a given situation. It means to behave
according to the moral standards set by the society
which we live in.
What is Ethical Behaviour?

44. Sustainability focuses on:
•social rights
•environmental protection
•economic development
Benefits of sustainability:
•Cost reduction
•Resource preservation
•Positive reputation
•Right initiative
Sustainability and Ethics

45. Corporate Social Responsibility,
Ethics & Sustainability
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR, also called
Corporate Responsibility, Corporate Citizenship, and
Responsible Business) is a concept whereby organizations
consider the interests of society by taking responsibility for
the impact of their activities on customers, suppliers,
employees, shareholders, communities and other
stakeholders, as well as the environment.
This definition integrates the three dimensions:
Economic, Social & Environmental aspects/
responsibilities, which usually called the ‘Triple Bottom
Line’.

46. CSR Dimensions
ECONOMIC: integrity, Corporate Governance, Economic
development of the community, transparency, prevention of
corruption, payments to national and local
authorities, use of local suppliers, hiring local labour and
similar.
SOCIAL: Human Rights, labour rights, training and
developing local labour, contributing expertise to community
programs and similar.
ENVIRONMENTAL: Precautionary approaches to prevent or
minimise adverse impacts, support for initiatives promoting
greater environmental responsibility, developing and
diffusing environmentally friendly technologies and similar.

47. CSR Development
Becoming adopted by more and more companies as business
case becomes clearer:
•CSR is critically linked to sustainable business growth and
long term success.
•CSR recognises that in order to be successful over the long
term, a business must actively manage and add value to all
its stakeholder relationships, not just to the bottom line.
•CSR involves measuring the impact of the business on all its
stakeholders to maximise the company's positive impact and
minimise the negative impact.

48. •CSR is about good businesses behaviour over and
above the legal requirements, adopted voluntarily
because businesses deem it to be in their long-term
interest.
•CSR is not an optional `add-on' to the core business
activity; it is an expression of the core value system and
philosophy of the business
•CSR has moved from a position of ethics based
‘corporate giving' to one of core corporate strategy.
CSR Development (Contd.)

49. CSR Stakeholders
•Government - Adherence to legislations, Information Disclosure,
& Environment Protection
•Employees - Safety, Health & Environment
•Customers - Quality control & Customer satisfaction
•Shareholders - Proactive communication & Information disclosure
•Suppliers - market information exchange (valued business
partners)

50. Drivers of CSR
•Ethical consumerism
•Social awareness and education
•Ethics training
•Improved brand value
•Government laws and regulation
•Crises and consequences

51. Some principles to guide modern
sustainability:
•Integration of environmental, social, human and economic
goals in policies and activities.
•Equal opportunity and community participation/sustainable
community.
•Conservation of biodiversity and ecological integrity.
•Ensuring inter-generational equity.
•Recognizing the global integration of localities.
•A commitment to best practices.
•No net loss of human capital or natural capital.
•The principle of continuous improvement.
•The need for good governance.