unit-1.pptx for the students of research

Research methodology

1. FOREST RESEARCH AND METHODOLOGY BSH 365 Prabin Pandit Assistant lecturer (PUCEF) [email protected]

2. Unit-1: Introduction and course overview Definition of research Scientific research Types of scientific research Characteristics of scientific research Importance and limitations of scientific research

3. Definition of research Research is an organized inquiry carried out to provide information for solving problems. Research in simple terms refers to search for knowledge. It is a scientific and systematic search for information on a particular topic or issue. It is also known as the art of scientific investigation. Re + Search To search again and again on the basis of previous evidences

4. Scientific research The subject matter that is interpreted and analyzed on the basis of evidences is called science. Scientific research is a systematic and objective effort to solve a problem or question is called scientific research. Scientific researches are studies that should be systematically planned before performing them. According to Kerlinger " “Scientific research is systematic, controlled, empirical, and critical investigation of hypothetical propositions about the presumed relations among natural phenomena”.

5. Types of scientific research There are various types of research that are classified according to following basis; According to its purpose Theoretical (basic/pure) research Aimed at gaining a better understanding of a subject, phenomenon or basic law of nature. Eg : Growing stock of the forest, Wildlife population dynamics, Rate of carbon sequestration by forest………… Applied research Aimed at the practical application of science in order to solve practical problems. Eg : Cause of human wildlife conflict, Impact of forest fire on flora and fauna…………..

6. Types of scientific research….. B. According to depth of scope Exploratory research Process of investigating a problem that has not been studied or methodically investigated in the past Research on unknown or not much known about the solutions of problems and phenomena. Eg : Ecosystem services from forest, Study of old growth forest Descriptive research Descriptive research describes characteristics of objects, peoples, groups, organizations and environment. Tries to paint a picture of a given situation by addressing who, what, when, where, and how questions. Explanatory research Aimed to identify any casual links between the factors or variables that pertain to research problem. Tries to explain relationship between variables.

7. Types of scientific research….. C. According to the Type of Data Used Qualitative research Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting non-numerical data, such as language, text etc to understand concepts, opinions or experiences. Quantitative research Quantitative research means collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe characteristics, find correlations, or test hypotheses.

8. Types of scientific research….. D. According to the degree of manipulation of variables Experimental research Variables are manipulated under strictly controlled conditions in order to identify or discover its effect on another independent variable or object. Non-Experimental research Also known as an observational study, it focuses on the analysis of a phenomenon in its natural context. . iii. Quasi-Experimental research It controls only some variables of the phenomenon under investigation and is therefore not entirely experimental. In this case, the study and the focus group cannot be randomly selected, but are chosen from existing groups or populations.

9. Types of scientific research….. E. According to the Type of Inference Inductive research Inductive reasoning moves from specific observations to broad generalizations. ii. Deductive research Inductive reasoning moves from specific observations to broad generalizations.

10. Characteristics of Scientific Research Purposiveness: Scientific research has a specific goal and well-defined purpose. The purpose of scientific research is clear Eg : To assess the annual rate of soil erosion, To assess the LULC since 1990……. ii. Systematic Scientific research is structured with specific steps to be taken in a specified sequence in accordance with the well defined set of rules.

11. Characteristics of Scientific Research… iii. Rigorous Based on good theoretical base and sound methodology Research involves a good theoretical base, a good methodology, and carefulness. iv. Testability Scientific research can be used to test logically developed hypothesis. Several statistical test can be applied to test hypothesis

12. Characteristics of Scientific Research… v. Replicability The same relationship stands repeatedly under the same design parameters Results/conclusions drawn are such that they will withhold in other similar situations over and over again. vi. Empirical observations based on observations and experimentation The research should be based on observations, direct experimentation, or real-life experimentation by the researcher

13. Characteristics of Scientific Research… vii. Replicability The same relationship stands repeatedly under the same design parameters Results/conclusions drawn are such that they will withhold in other similar situations over and over again. viii. Objectivity Results are true and independent from individual subjectivity caused by perception, emotions, or imagination.

14. Characteristics of Scientific Research… ix. Generalizability Making broad conclusion from one or very few facts Results are true for the population from which samples are drawn x. Parsimony Simplicity in explaining the phenomena or problem Simplest explanation for the evidence.

15. Importance of Scientific Research Research expands your knowledge base Research gives you the latest information Research helps you know what you’re up against Research builds your credibility Research helps you narrow your scope Research introduces you to new ideas Research helps with problem-solving Research helps you reach people Research encourages curiosity

16. Limitations of Scientific Research Limitations are influences that the researcher cannot control Initially unforeseen and outside of the researcher control. An imposed restriction which is therefore essentially out of the researcher's control Examples; Limited to access only a small geographical area Lack of previous research Lack of access to the right tools Lack of financial resources Lack of time

17. Thank You

18. Unit-2: Variables and measurement Concept & construct Variables and it's types Scale of measurement

19. Concept A concept is a generally accepted collection of meanings or characteristics associated with certain events, objects, conditions, situations, and behaviors. Generalizable properties or characteristics associated with objects, events, or people is a concept. Concepts are the building blocks of all thinking Concept refers to something that is conceived in the mind -Webster dictionary Abstractions of particular aspect of human behavior and characteristics are called as concepts. -Polit and Beck

20. Concept Example; Tree Tree height Mango etc

21. Construct Higher level of abstraction then concepts They may not be directly observed Multiple variables are combined to make construct These are latent variables because can not be observed directly. Like a concept a construct is an abstraction inferred from situations or behavior - Pilot and Beck Constructs are abstractions that are deliberately invented or constructed by researchers -Kerlinger

22. Construct Example; Aggression Love Intelligence Satisfaction

23. Variables Variables can be defined as any aspect of a theory that can vary or change as part of the interaction within the theory. Simply, variables can be defined as, " measurable characteristics that varies." In other words, Variables are anything can effect or change the results of a study. Anything that has a quantity or quality that varies. Any entity that can take on different values Variables is any characteristics, numbers, or quantity that can be measured or counted. Every study has variables as these are needed in order to understand differences.

24. Variables (Examples……..) Age can be considered a variable because it can take different values of different people or for the same person at different time Gender is a variable; it can take two values: male or female. Marital status is a variable; it can take on values of never married, single, married, divorced, or widowed. Family income is a variable; it can take on values from zero to billions of Rupees. Diameter of a tree is a variable ; it can be vary for different trees Height of a tree is a variable; it can be vary for different species and in different site.

25. Independent variables Independent variables are variables which are manipulated or controlled or changed. It is what the researcher studies to see it's relationship or effects. Possible cause The variable, value of which affects the value of another variable is known as independent variable. Such variable is not affected by the change in the value of another variable but affects the value of another It is manipulated to determine its effects on the dependent variable

26. Dependent variables The dependent variable is the one we measure to see the effect of the independent variable on it. Dependent variables are the outcome variables and are the variables for which we calculate statistics. In this way, we can say that value of dependent variable may change due to change in the value of independent variable.

27. Relationship between Dependent & Independent variables

28. Extraneous variables Extraneous variables are defined as any variables other than the independent and dependent variables. Those variables which may have an effect on the dependent variables but which are not controlled. Extraneous variables are dangerous They may damage a study validity. If they cannot be controlled, extraneous variables must be at least be taken into consideration when interpreting results.

29. Extraneous variables Impact of spacing on tree height. Rainfall species Aspect Soil fauna Temperature Elevation Solar radiation Genetic characteristics Independent variable Dependent variables Extraneous variables must be control

30. Extraneous variables Impact of spacing on tree height. Rainfall Aspect Soil fauna Temperature Independent variable Dependent variables

31. Confounding variables Any variable that has the potential to influence the dependent variable in an experiment and bias the results. A variable that does have an unwanted effect on the dependent variable in an experiment. Result become bias as it cannot be determined whether results are caused by independent variable or confounding variable An extraneous variable is anything that could influence the dependent variables. A confounding variable influence the dependent variable, and also correlates with or causally effects the independent variable.

32. Confounding variables Impact of spacing on tree height. Rainfall species Independent variable Dependent variables

33. Control variables In research some variables that are not measured in a particular study must be held constant, neutralized/balanced, or eliminated, so they will not have a biasing effect on the other variables. Variables that have been controlled in this way are called control variables An extraneous variable that an investigator does not wish to examine in a study.

34. Control variables Impact of spacing on tree height. Aspect Temperature Solar radiation Independent variable Dependent variables All others variables must be control

35. Intervening Variables Helpful to explain the relationship between two variables These are not directly observable but linked with the dependent and independent variables. Also called mediating variables or intermediary variable.

36. Moderator Variables A variable that influences, or moderates, the relation between two or other variables and thus produces an interaction effect. Library Result Students interest

37. Categorical and continuous Variables Categorical variables are variables that can take on specific values within a degree range of values. They can be measured with a greater degree of precision. For example, gender, can be male or female. In contrast with categorical variables, continuous variables are variables that can take on values along the continuum. For example, age, income, weight and height. Therefore, the type of data produced differs from one category to another

38. Qualitative & Quantitative variables Quantitative Variables: Sometimes referred to as “numeric” variables, these are variables that represent a measurable quantity. Examples include: Number of students in a class Number of square feet in a house Population size of a city Age of an individual Height of an individua

39. Qualitative & Quantitative variables Qualitative Variables : Sometimes referred to as “categorical” variables, these are variables that take on names or labels and can fit into categories. Examples include: color (e.g. “blue”, “green”, “brown”) Gender (e.g. “male”, “female”) Level of education (e.g. “high school”, “Associate’s degree”, “Bachelor’s degree”) Marital status (e.g. “married”, “single”, “divorced”) Steepness of forest: Aspect:

40. Scale of Measurements Measurement; The assignment of numbers or other symbols to characteristics of objects according to certain pre-specified rules. Measurement mean the process of assigning numbers to objects or observations, the level of measurement being a function of the rules under which the numbers are assigned. Scales: The generation of a continuum upon which measured objects are located

41. Scale of Measurements The most widely used classification of measurement scales are: nominal scale; ordinal scale; interval scale; and ratio scale

42. Nominal Scale It simply labels objects Nominal scale is simply a system of assigning number symbols to event in order to label them. Such number cannot be considered to be associated with an ordered scale, for their order is of no consequence. The numbers are just convenient labels for the particular class of events and as such have no quantitative value. Nominal scales provide convenient ways keeping track of people, objects and events. Nominal scale is the least powerful level of measurement. It indicates no order or distance relationship and has no arithmetic origin.

43. Example Gender is a nominal scale Male = 1 Female = 2 The number on the t-shirts of team players Name of the respondents Name of the Community forest Ethnicity Religion Species

44. Ordinal Scale Measurements that indicate the rank order of cases are ordinal. The ordinal scale is the 2nd level of measurement that reports the ordering and ranking of data without establishing the degree of variation between them. Ordinal represents the “order.” Ordinal data is known as qualitative data or categorical data. Characteristics of the Ordinal Scale The ordinal scale shows the relative ranking of the variables It identifies and describes the magnitude of a variable Along with the information provided by the nominal scale, ordinal scales give the rankings of those variables The interval properties are not known

45. Example Class ranking: 1 st , 2 nd , 3 rd , ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7 th Socio economic status Poor, Middle class, Rich… Likert Scale Strongly disagree, disagree, neutral, agree, strong Level of Agreement Yes, maybe no

46. Interval Scale Interval scales are numeric scales in which we know not only the order, but also the exact differences between the values. The interval scale is the 3rd level of measurement scale. It is defined as a quantitative measurement scale in which the difference between the two variables is meaningful Does not have true zero ( Eg : 0 degree centigrade) Characteristics of Interval Scale: The interval scale is quantitative as it can quantify the difference between the values It allows calculating the mean and median of the variables

47. Example Increase in temperature from 10 degree to 20 degree Increase in temperature from 20 degree to 30 degree There is a same increase in temperature in both cases i.e by 10 degree But one cannot say that the temperature of 20 degree is twice as warmer as the temperature of 10 degree Because both numbers are dependent on the fact that the zero on the scale is set arbitrarily at the temperature of freezing point of water. In interval data, we can add and subtract, but cannot multiply and divide

48. Ratio Scale The ratio scale is the 4th level of measurement scale, which is quantitative. Ratio scale represent the highest form of measurement in that they have all the properties of interval scale with the additional attribute of representing absolute quantities. Ratio scale is the most powerful of the four scales because it has an absolute zero origin and subsumes all the properties of the three scales. Interval scales posses only relative meaning, where ratio scales represent absolute meaning An absolute zero is the defining characteristics differencing between ratio and interval scales .

49. Example Weight Height Volume Ruler measurements Income Education Number of childrens The responses could range from 0 to any figure

50. Thank You

51. Unit-3: Identification and formulation of research problems and hypothesis Methods to identify research problems Formulation of research problems Meaning and types of hypothesis, research hypothesis Induction and deduction methods

52. Research Problem Research problem is a question that a researcher wants to answer or problem that a researcher wants to solve A research problem is an issues or a concern that an investigator/researcher presents and justifies in a research study. In others words, a research problem is an area of concern where there is a gap in the knowledge base needed for professional practices. According to Suryabrata (1994), it is explained that the problem is a gap between expectations and reality, between needs and reality and between what should be and what is real.

53. Components of Research Problem An individual or a group or an organization that has some difficulty or problem Some objective to be attained Alternative means for attaining the objectives Some doubt in the mind of a researcher with regard to the selection of alternatives Some environment(s) to which the difficulty pertains

54. Selecting Research Problem Subject which is overdone shall not be chosen. Controversial subject should not become the choice of an average researcher. Too narrow or too vague problems should be avoided. Subject selected for research should be familiar and feasible. Few factors to be considered are importance of the subject, the costs involved, the time factor, the qualifications and the training of a researcher Selection of a problem must be preceded by a preliminary study in case of new problems.

55. Technique Involved In Defining A Problem Techniques involved are: Statement of the problem in a general way Understanding the nature of the problem Surveying the available literature Developing the ideas through discussions Rephrasing the research problem into a working proposition.

56. Methods to identify research problems Identification and formulation of a research problem is the first step of the research process. It is the most challenging and difficult phase of the research process. It is believed that most of the good research studies need lots of time for selection of a research problems. Generally, a broad area is selected and then a broad topic is delimited or narrowed down to a specific one-sentences statement of the problem This step of the research process is considered as the most difficult and challenging, and need lots of time.

57. Methods to identify research problems

58. Formulation of research problems Process Selection of a research area Reviewing literature and theories. Delimiting the research topic Evaluating the research problem Formulating the final statement of research problem

59. Formulation of research problems 1. Selection of a research area Formulation of a research problem begins with selection of a broad research topic from personal experience, literature, previous research & theories. 2. Reviewing literature and theories. After obtaining a broad idea for research, the researcher needs to review the literature and theories. Literature review helps us to know what has already been done in this selected area of research Example Shrinkage of chure forest Example Articles News Government data………

60. Formulation of research problems 3. Delimiting the research topic Here the researcher proceeds from a general research area of interest to more specific topic of research while conducting the study. 4. Evaluating the research problem Once the researcher is clear about the research problem, the research problem must be carefully evaluated for its significance, research ability and feasibility. Example Factors of illegal forest resources extraction Major forest products extracted illegally Spatial patterns of forest resource extraction Illegal forest resources extraction and human wildlife conflict 5. Formulating the final statement of research problem Once the researcher is clear about the research problem, the research problem must be carefully evaluated for its significance, research ability and feasibility.

61. Hypothesis The word hypothesis consists of two words – Hypo + Thesis. ‘Hypo’ means tentative or subject to the verification. ‘Thesis’ means statement about solution of the problem. Thus the literal meaning of the term hypothesis is a tentative statement about the solution of the problem. Hypothesis offers a solution of the problem that is to be verified empirically and based on some rationale. Hypothesis is a specific, testable prediction about what someone is expecting to happen in a study.

62. Hypothesis research hypothesis is a specific, clear, and testable proposition or predictive statement about the possible outcome of a scientific research study based on a particular property of a population, such as presumed differences between groups on a particular variable or relationships between variables According to McGuigan (1990): “A testable statement of a potential relationship between two or more variables is called Hypothesis.” Webster (1968) has defined hypothesis as “a tentative assumption made in order to draw out and test its logical or empirical consequences.” ‘Test’ here means “either to prove it wrong or to confirm it”.

63. Example more than 20% people are involve in forest resources extraction Group study increases higher division achievement There is relationship between student attendance and student result There is a relationship between spacing and plant height growth. Spread of plant species depend upon the rate of it's biomass production People resident nearby forest are more dependent in forest resources than the distant one.

64. Nature of Hypothesis Identify the research objectives. A problem cannot be scientifically solved unless it is reduced to hypothesis form. It is a powerful tool of advancement of knowledge, consistent with existing knowledge and conducive to further enquiry. It can be tested – verifiable or falsifiable. It is neither too specific nor to general. It is a prediction of consequences. It is considered valuable even if proven false

65. Sources of Hypothesis There are several sources of hypothesis but some of the important ones are given as follows : Previous study: Previous knowledge and information regarding the topic of hypothesis will be extremely helpful to create a concrete hypothesis. Personal experience: If one has a personal experience regarding the topic of investigation, he/she can use that information in the hypothesis to make it more complete and good quality. Thinking and imagination: A researcher's creative thinking and imagination can sometimes aid in the formulation of a good hypothesis. A researcher's personal ideas and thinking abilities would result in a greater number of hypothesis formulations as well as control over the problem. Scientific theory: It would be extremely helpful to use scientific theories in hypothesis because it is capable of explaining all the facts related to the investigation.

66. Types of Hypothesis Null hypothesis Alternative hypothesis Directional hypothesis Non directional hypothesis Simple hypothesis Complex hypothesis

67. Null hypothesis States that there is no relationship between the two variables being studied (one variable does not affect the other.) No statistical significance exists in a set of given observations. If your p-value is less than your selected alpha level (typically 0.05), you reject the null hypothesis. Eg : There is a relationship between spacing and plant height growth. If P-value of this analysis is less than 0.05 (we reject null hypothesis); no significant relationship between spacing and plant height growth.

68. Alternative hypothesis States that there a relationship between the two variables being studied (one variable does affect the other.) Statistical significance exists in a set of given observations. If your p-value is greater than your selected alpha level (typically 0.05), you accept the alternative hyothesis Eg : There is a relationship between spacing and plant height growth. If P-value of this analysis is greater than 0.05 (we accept alternative hypothesis); significant relationship between spacing and plant height growth.

69. Directional hypothesis If terms such as greater than, less than, positive, negative and the like are used then these hypothesis are called directional hypothesis because the direction of relationships between variables is indicated. A one-tailed directional hypothesis Predicts the nature of the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable Eg : People residing nearest to the national park faced more conflict than distant residing people. Tree disease in Terai sal forest is less than the mid hills sal forest.

70. Non - Directional hypothesis The independent variable will have an effect on the dependent variable, but the direction of the effect is not specified. If hypothesis is stated in such a way that it shows relationship but not stated whether relationship will be positive or negative is called non directional hypothesis. Example; There is a relationship between age of the students and mark obtained. teacher student relationship influence student's learning. Carbon stock of the forest varies with slopes

71. Simple hypothesis Simple hypothesis in which there exist relationship between two variables one is called independent variable or cause and the other is dependent variable or effect. A simple hypothesis in which all parameters of the distribution are specified Hypothesis which specify the exact value. Example; Higher diameter tree yields more fruits Drinking alcohol daily leads cancer

72. Complex hypothesis Complex hypothesis examines the relationship between two or more independent variables and two or more dependent variables. Example; Higher diameter and young mango tree yields more fruits with very sweet test. Regular thinning and pruning increase increments and diseases free tree Over speed vehicles in night time increase road kills

73. Induction and Deduction Methods

74. Thank You

75. Unit-4: Literature Review Significance of literature review Types of scientific literature Criteria of good and recommended references Technique and rules in citing references

76. Literature review A discussion of your knowledge about the topic under study supported by the research literature According to Creswell (2005) , a review of the literature “is a written summary of journal articles, books and other documents that describes the past and current state of information, organizes the literature into topics and documents a need for a proposed study .” Literature review is the presentation, classification and evaluation of what other researchers have written on particular subject.

77. Significance of Literature review It will clarify the conceptual issues of your research related area. It will help you to learn about research design for your research. It is an opportunity to persuade your examiner that your research is relevant worth doing. It will give you insight to contribute something new in your subject area. Helps map and define your research topic Justifies your research question Provides literature for you to compare your findings with at the end of your research

78. Significance of Literature review… Identify the theoretical framework of your study. Shape the problem statement. Choose efficient research designs and data collection techniques. Support how the study is framed and concepts are defined. Demonstrate the study’s necessity and importance. Place the study in the context of the knowledge base

79. Literature review process Identify the topic (recall how to choose a topic) Begin with a search of the available literature Critically analyze each article (study) you select Organize the review with an outline, and according to topic/subtopics Write the review Summarize the review Using the literature, present a rationale for your study

80. Types of scientific literature Scientific literature vs other types of literature Communicate scientific results to an audience Primary audience is other scientists Though there is also scientific communication for non-scientist general audience Builds upon other published work Concise Avoid complicated long sentences Analytical (Compare, Contrast, Relate) Critical

81. Types of scientific literature Scientific poster Research proposal Scientific journal article

82. Scientific poster A scientific poster is a communication tool which combines a verbal presentation with a visual aid. They are given to a small group of people, are limited in time and range of view, and are informal and interactive. Posters should look as professional as your professional research.

83. Research Proposal A research proposal “is a document that outlines how you propose to undertake your research studies” (Mouton 2001:p.44). A research proposal is a document written by a researcher that provides a detailed description of the proposed program I t is like an outline of the entire research process that gives a reader a summary of the information discussed in a project.

84. Scientific Journal Articles Primary article: once researchers complete a project, they will usually (try to) publish their findings in a journal. These are often called PRIMARY or ORIGINAL research articles because they are the first-publication of new research findings and are written by the researchers themselves.

85. Scientific Journal Articles Primary article: Characteristics of a Primary Research Article Goal is to present the result of original research that makes a new contribution to the body of knowledge Sometimes referred to as an empirical research article Typically organized into sections that include: Abstract, Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion/Conclusion, and References.

86. Scientific Journal Articles ii. Methods article: Methods Papers": These papers aim to completely describe the research methods, equations, data sources, and results in great, reproducible detail. Present a new or improved experimental or computational methods. The methods should have been well tested proving its validity

87. Scientific Journal Articles iii. Review article: A review article is expected to provide a summary and/or a synthesis of the findings of selected research contributions being published by other authors. The main purpose of a. review article is to examine the current state of the relevant publications on a given topic .

88. Scientific Journal Articles iii. Review article: Characteristics a of Review Article Goal is to summarize important research on a particular topic and to represent the current body of knowledge about that topic. Not intended to provide original research but to help draw connections between research studies that have previously been published. Help the reader understand how current understanding of a topic has developed over time and identify gaps or inconsistencies that need further exploration.

89. Criteria of good and recommended references Characteristics a of Review Article Goal is to summarize important research on a particular topic and to represent the current body of knowledge about that topic. Not intended to provide original research but to help draw connections between research studies that have previously been published. Help the reader understand how current understanding of a topic has developed over time and identify gaps or inconsistencies that need further exploration.

90. Referencing Referencing is a standardized way of acknowledging the sources of information and ideas that you have used in your assignments and which allows the sources to be identified. It is a method used to demonstrate to your readers that you have conducted a thorough and appropriate literature search, and carried out appropriate reading With all referencing styles, there are two parts to referencing: citing, and the reference list.

91. Why Referencing? Referencing is important to avoid plagiarism, to verify quotations and to enable readers to follow up what you have written and more fully understand the cited author’s work If you do not acknowledge another writer's work or ideas, you could be accused of plagiarism. Accurate referencing is commensurate with good academic practice and enhances the presentation of your work: it shows that your writing is based on knowledge and informed by appropriate academic reading. You will ensure that anyone reading your work can trace the sources you have used in the development of your work, and give you credit for your research efforts and quality

92. Steps in Referencing Record the full bibliographic details and relevant page numbers of the source from which information is taken. Punctuation marks and spaces in the reference list and citations are very important. Follow the punctuation and spacing exactly. Insert the citation at the appropriate place in the text of your document. Include a reference list that includes all in-text citations at the end of your document.

93. Reference list and bibliography A reference list contains details only of those works cited in the text of the document. (e.g.. book, journal article, pamphlet, internet site, cassette tape or film). A bibliography lists sources not cited in the text but which are relevant to the subject and consulted during preparation of report. A reference list should appear at the end of your report with the entries listed numerically and in the same order that they have been cited in the text. A bibliography is a separate list from the reference list and should be arranged alphabetically by author in the Vancouver style.

94. What should we reference? Print and electronic books; Print and electronic journal articles; WebPages ; Emails; DVDs, videos, films, CD-ROMs & audio tape recordings; Newspapers; Conference papers; Papers or data published in a repository; Pamphlets; Government reports/White papers Radio/TV/internet broadcasts Personal communication; Interviews (if this is a personal interview, you must always ask permission of the interviewee before using such material); and, Theses and other unpublished work.

95. Thank You