Unit 1- Science and Society.pptx work ex

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1. Unit 1 Science and Society

2. Objectives: Science is open to new knowledge, new ideas and new experiments Science develops a logical and rational thinking It focuses on scientific method of decision making and dispel myths and superstitions.

3. According to Bertrand Russell, a reputed scientist and philosopher expressed science has two primary functions. Enables us to know things Enables us to do things Science has a co-dependence on science and technology and hence both have been in the forefront of transforming societies.

4. Main Topics Nature of Science Scientific Method, Scientific Spirit and Scientific attitude of mind Role of scientific spirit in solving Social and Religious differences Relationship between science and economy Relationship between science and religion

5. Nature of Science Science refers to a system of acquiring knowledge. This system uses observation and experimentation to describe and explain natural phenomena.

6. Contemporary Science What do you understand by this term?

7. Contemporary Science focuses on the current and the latest science, also known as modern science. Contemporary science is increasingly interdisciplinary; scientist from various fields collaborate to work on complex problems.

8. Contemporary science is sub divided into the following categories- Natural Science- It is a branch of science that deals with the physical world. Eg : physical science (physics, chemistry), Earth & space science(environmental science) and life sciences(genetics, Zoology) Social Science- It is a branch of science that studies people and societies. Eg : sociology, economics, psychology.

9. Formal Science- It is a branch of science that uses formal systems to generate knowledge. Eg : mathematics, statistics, computer science , Artificial Intelligence. Applied Science- It is a discipline that is used to apply existing scientific knowledge to develop more practical applications Eg : engineering, medicine

10. Milestone during the 19 th century

11. The language of science The scientific method consists of a n explanatory thought, experiment or hypothesis which is put forward to explain a theory The scientific method consists set of procedures that scientists follow in order to gain knowledge about the world.

12. Procedure: Observation Formulating a hypothesis of your observation Test those predictions by experiments or further observation and modify the hypothesis as you get results Repeat steps 2 and 3 until there is no discrepancy between theory experimentation and observation Final findings

13. Importance of Experimentation Experimentation is important in science to establish causal relationship and to proof if the hypothesis (prediction) is true or false. If it is false, its either discarded or modified and if proven, it becomes a scientific theory . While performing experiments to test hypothesis, scientists may have a preference for one outcome over another. It is important to ensure that bias is eliminated.

14. This can be achieved:- By careful experiment design Transparency Reviewing other experts/peers process of the experiment's results as well as conclusion

15. Scientific Method, Scientific Spirit and Scientific A ttitude of mind Science has a big influence on thinking process of humans which has rid them of many traditional beliefs and superstitions. It has taught us to ascertain facts through a process of unbiased and personal observation There has been distinction and conflict between thinkers of traditional beliefs and science. What is that one important distinction between the two?

16. Science seeks to discover the mysteries of nature- WHAT , WHY and HOW? The spirit of enquiry is fundamental to understanding of science. In order to enquire successfully, one should not be influenced by external factors, form any bias and judgements in their investigations. The spirit of enquiry should be purely based on facts and the aim should be to seek the truth. Scientific method and Scientific spirit

17. This following method is known as scientific method and the spirit that conditions it, is called scientific spirit (unbiased, rational thinking, non judgement, not influenced by external factors, personal likes and dislikes and purely on facts). If the above mentioned factors are imbibed in our minds and it is practiced, then the attitude can be described as having scientific attitude of mind.

18. Role of scientific s pirit in resolving Social and Religious differences Social difference - Existence of conflict and tension is common and is experienced in various spheres of life. Witnessing of d ifferences of opinion between people exist. Q) What is the main reason of these conflicts and differences?

19. - It is our failure to understand and appreciate the view point of others. It means we do not view a situation or ideas as it is, but we view it as we wish to see it. So, how can we promote a better understanding among people? - By using scientific spirit, as it helps in rational or critical thinking which are free from bias, judgment, no influence from outside. To solve conflicts, we have to put ourselves in other’s position, be empathetic and picture ourselves in their situation.

20. Religion differences - Scientific Spirit also helps in solving religion differences. As religion preaches and plays a role in helping in self-discovery and contact with the divine. T he true meaning of religion is that all are made as one and there are unity amongst all religion, because all religion preaches the same kind of teachings i.e. - Self discovery. Someone who does not follow this, then conflicts arise and it denies the concept of scientific spirit

21. Science and Economy Understand the r elationship between science and economy and how the two factors are related. Two sectors- Agriculture and Industries are two major source of national income and for the economic growth in India. Agriculture : It is said that productivity in India in agriculture has been among the lowest in the world. There are various factors responsible for this-

22. Fragmentation of land holdings Use of old and inefficient methods and techniques of production Lack of motivation among farmers for economic progress Industries: The growth of industries depends upon two broad things- ? There has been a decline in the rate of annual growth and has been unsatisfactory. The following factors that have caused low industrial growth are-

23. Low utilisation of resources Inadequate attention to technology upgradation Long hours of work and no rest given to the workers Power shortage Inability to utilise completely the existing facilities for production Lack of literacy Lack of motivation

24. Overall analysis of the common reasons underlying low productivity in both these sectors which is responsible for low national income are- Inability to fully utilise natural resources Lack of literacy and motivation Use of outdated technology

25. Role of science and technology in increasing productivity in both these sectors :- Augmented our sources of energy Employed the latest and appropriate technologies for increasing production Spread awareness and functional literacy among the workers and peasants Increase irrigation facilities Availability of fertilizers and insecticides Increase in power supply

26. Strengthen the means of transport and communication Big farm lands to use advanced machines Motivation amongst farmers and workers

27. Relationship between Science and Religion Do people look at all religion the same way? Due to some rituals, doctrines and mythologies which are associated with different religion cannot always be explained with the help of logic and reasoning. This causes differences between the two.

28. As discussed earlier, religion talks about- Basic unity among all religion Look at life as an opportunity for self- realisation Search for the ultimate truth God is the universal reality Presence of wisdom and love and we all are his children irrespective of race or religious belief.

29. Both science and religion share the same purpose- to make life peaceful, happy and worth living . Science and religion relies on logic and rational thinking. Both science and religion are motivated by spirit of enquiry- the truth ! Religion is being described as transforming experience & a spiritual consciousness and helpful in searching the ultimate truth of the universe and having a sense of community For example in Buddhism , it teaches us to seek enlightenment and to get the ultimate truth.

30. A true religion expects a person to respond creatively to every fresh challenge and to be always peace with himself and others. Religion stands on a higher pedestal than that of science, as it helps to discover the highest potential of human spirit, which is used to find out deepest mysteries of nature and inventions of science. It is believed only peaceful mind can do inventions and this peace of mind comes through religion.