Unit 12 social problems

sociology for Bsc Nursing students

1. Sociology Unit: 12 Social Problems - DIVYAGNI SONI

2. Social Problems Social disorganization Control & Planning: Housing, Illiteracy, Food Supplies, Prostitution, Rights of Women & Children. Vulnerable groups: Elderly, Handicapped, Minority groups and Marginalized groups, Child Labour , Child Abuse, Delinquency and Crime, Substance abuse, HIV/AIDS. Social welfare Programs in India Role of Nurse

3. SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION Social disorganization is the process opposed to social organization. Social disorganization implies some breakdown in the organization of society. Social organization and social disorganization is the dual aspects of the whole functioning of society. When the parts of social structure do not perform their functions efficiently and effectively or perform badly there occurs an imbalance in society. That imbalance is called social disorganization. Social disorganization disturbed the social equilibrium and society gets out of gear.

4. DEFINITION OF SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION Emile Durkheim – “social disorganization as a state of disequilibrium and a lack of social solidarity or consensus (agreement or compromise) among the members of a society”. Thomas and F. Znaniecki – “social disorganization as a decrease of the influence of existing rules of behaviour upon individual members of the groups”. Mowever – “social disorganization is the process by which the relationships between members of a group are shaken”.

5. CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION Conflict of mores and of institutions. Transfer of functions from one group to another. Individualization. Change in the role and status of the individuals.

6. CHARACTERISTICS 1. Conflict of Mores and of Institutions: Every society has its mores and institutions which regulate the life of its members. New ideals arise and new institutions are formed. With the destruction of agreement, social organization breaks up and social disorganization ensues. 2. Transfer of Functions from One group to another: Society is dynamic, the functions of one group are transferred to another. Thus transfer of functions from one group to another is characteristic of social disorganization (ex.) the family stand transferred today a nurseries, schools and clubs. This has caused family disorganization.

7. CHARACTERISTICS 3. Individualization: Man today thinks in terms of self. The young man and women want to take decisions on such important matters as marriage, occupation, recreation and morality. This trend has set in a dangerous process of social disorganization. Change in the Individuals: In an organized society the roles and status of people are defined and fixed. But in course of time our norms change which also brings a change in the roles and statuses of the people. The women are no longer confined to homes. They work in office. This change in the role of women has caused family disorganization.

8. CAUSES OF SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION Division of labour . Violation of social rules. Industrialization. Cultural lag. Natural catastrophes.(NATURAL DISASTER) War. 

9. Causes of Social Disorganization 1. Division of Labour : According to Emile Durkheim, extreme division of labour is the cause of social disorganization. Extreme division of labour gives rise to economic crises of all kinds, class struggles, and industrial strife, and leads to the demoralization of individuals, the family, and the community. 2. Violation of Social rules In society there are always individuals violate the social rules. This has a disorganizing effect upon social institutions, and unless the violations are checked, they may eventually lead to the death of institutions.

10. Causes of Social Disorganization 3. Industrialization: Industrialization had led to capitalism, exploitation and class conflicts. It has also contributed to unemployment, crime, immorality, family disorganization, urbanization and its evils. 4. Cultural Lag: Modern technology is changing at a rapid rate and creating important social changes with which our institutions have not yet caught up. So that gap between modern and traditional culture creates social disorganization.

11. Causes of Social Disorganization 5. Natural disasters: Ecological disturbances, i.e., disturbances in the relationship of man to his environment, including such natural phenomena as earthquakes, floods, volcanic eruptions and various other disasters of nature, may also have a disorganizing effect on society. 6. War: War disturbs the economy of a country and introduces confusion and disorder in society. War leads of scarcity. There is economic crisis during the war period. War also affects the male-female ratio.

12. Control and planning:

13. POVERTY

14. POVERTY Poverty as a social problem is very much out of control in India. It means the condition of an individual in which he is unable to meet out his basic needs. It is measurable only in terms of the living standards and resources of a given society at a particular time. It is that condition in which a person either because of inadequate income or unwise expenditures.

15. TYPES OF POVERTY Poverty means the condition of an individual in which he is unable to meet out his natural dependents basic needs as to function normally as a part and parcel of the society. Relative poverty is that in which the individual is relatively poor comparing some other members of the society who are relatively rich. Absolute poverty means that in which the individual is unable to maintain a minimum decent standard of living for himself and his dependents.

16. CAUSES OF POVERTY Personal factors Political and economic factors Biological factors Technological and Environmental factors Social factors

17. CAUSES OF POVERTY Personal factors: It included the physical weakness, defects or diseases which may be hereditary or accidental. All these factors affects the capacity of the worker to compete and earn sufficiently for his livelihood. Political and Economic Factors: The government did not render any assistance to the cultivators to adopt new techniques of agriculture, producing lack of education facilities and followed the laissez faire policies. Industrial revolution in the 18th century brought many drastic changes in agriculture.

18. CAUSES OF POVERTY Biological factors: Absence of any family planning scheme and this led to increase in poverty. Technological and environmental factors: Scarcity of raw materials and fuel and uncertainty of rains were also some of the reasons for poverty. Social factors: The joint family system (discourages youngsters), the caste system (traditional occupation) and the religious beliefs (karma theory and fate theory) disturbs the growth of the industrial sector and economic development.

19. STRATEGIES FOR ALLEVIATING POVERTY

20. HOUSING

21. Housing Housing may be defined as an architectural unit for accommodation in order to protect the occupants from the forces of nature. But in wider meaning housing covers all the ancillary services and community facilities which are essential to human well being. In addition to the physical structure, it includes water supply, sanitation, and disposal of water, recreation and other basic amenities of life. Thus housing can be defined as a component architectural structure within a total system consisting of various settlement variables.

22. HOUSING Food, clothing and shelter (housing) are the primary requirements of life. The availability of these necessities in sufficient quantity and quality increases the physical efficiency and productivity of the people. So housing is an important component of human resource development. In India, the problem of housing is acute. There is a wide gap between the demand and supply of houses. This gap is responsible for growth of slums in cities where crores of people live in most unhygienic and unhealthy conditions. Houselessness, Overcrowding, Slums and rental are serious problems in urban areas. The houses of the poor are not only over crowded but lack privacy. The darkness of the houses drives the children out into the street creating problems for the parents in controlling their children.

23. HOUSING There are certain unique characteristics of Indian culture which drives its housing set-up. The most common structure is for the extended family (usually referred to as joint family) to live in the same house.  With modernization there are migration form rural and growing section of nuclear families in urban areas also creates housing problems. According to the Times of India, "a majority of Indians in urban area have per capita space equivalent to or less than a 10 X 10 feet room for their living, sleeping, cooking, washing and toilet needs.". Year by year the urban population rate are increase. But the facilities not given for equally to all. These reasons slums, poor sanitation, low standard of life is increasing.

24. HOUSING

25. Measures to Solve the Problem of Housing in India: The Ministry of Urban Development and Ministry of Rural Development have the overall responsibility to build houses in urban and rural areas of the country. As housing is a State subject, the role of the Central Govt. is confined to policy making, laying down guidelines and assistance in the form of loans etc. The actual implementation of the housing schemes is the responsibility of the State Govts

26. The following are the measures taken by the Govt. to solve the problem of housing: 1. Institutional Finance for Housing 2. Village Housing Scheme 3. Research and Development 4. Rural House-Site-cum-House Construction Scheme 5. Indira Awas Yogana (IAY) 6. State Housing Boards 7. Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana (VAMBAY)

27. 1. Institutional Finance for Housing: To facilitate the construction of houses, several financial institutions have been established by the Govt. to provide housing finance. In the co-operating sector. House building co-operative societies has been set up to provide housing finance. LIC was the only public financial institution to provide housing finance to the policy holders till 1970. The Central Govt. instituted Housing and Urban Development Corporation (HUDCO) which gives loans for housing to State Housing Boards, Municipal Corporations, and Development authorities. Housing Development Finance Corporation (HDFC) was established in the private sector to provide housing finance in 1977. The RBI has been allocating yearly a specific amount to commercial Bank funds for housing finance since 1981. National Housing Bank (NHB) was established for housing finance in July 1988.

28. 2. Village Housing Scheme: Village Housing Scheme was introduced in 1957. It provided assistance to villages for construction and improvement of houses in rural areas. The scheme also aims to allocate house sites to landless agricultural workers. Loan assistance up to Rs. 2000 per house was to be given for improvement of the house. The scheme could not make much progress as it was given low priority by the States and the machinery for proper administration of the scheme did not exist.

29. 3. Research and Development: Besides financial institutions, there are agencies who are engaged in research and development in the field of housing construction activities. These activities are Improvement in the traditional construction materials and methods of construction, Acceptance of new materials, Providing information and technical help to other organisations and to individuals. These institutions are National Building Organisation (NBO) and Central Building Research Institute (CBRI).

30. 4. Rural House-Site-cum-House Construction Scheme: This scheme was started in 1971. As the name suggests, the scheme proposed to give sites as well as financial and technical assistance for house construction to landless agricultural workers in rural areas. This scheme was made a component of Minimum Needs Programme during the Fifth Plan. By the end of Fifth 5-year Plan 7.7 million sites were given and about 5.6 lakh houses built. The Ninth Plan estimated that the eligible families under this scheme would be around 14.5 million. Out of these 7.7 million families had already been allotted house sites while remaining 6.8 million families are without sites. So far as assistance for house construction is concerned by the end of 6th Plan only 1.9 million families could be assisted.

31. 5. Indira Awas Yogana ( lAY ): This scheme was started in 1985-86 to provide free dwelling units (DU) for the poor in the rural areas belonging to the scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and free bonded labour . The scheme was extended to non SC/ST poor people from 1993-94 and to families of servicemen of armed and paramilitary forces killed in operation from 1995-96. It is a centrally sponsored scheme and hundred percent sub- sidised . The assistance given for house construction is Rs. 20,000 in plain areas and Rs. 22,000 in hilly areas. The implementing agency is DRDA(District Rural Development Agencies)

32. 6. State Housing Boards: In various States, the State Housing Boards allocates, plots and construct houses for people belonging to different income groups in urban areas e.g. HUDA (Haryana Urban Development Authority). The allotees make payment on installment basis at Government rates. The houses are built in groups and in a planned manner with all basic and civic amenities like water supply, sewerage, parks, shopping area and roads etc.

33. 7. Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana (VAMBAY): This programme was launched on 2nd December 2001. The scheme is meant for urban slum dwellers below the poverty line that do not have adequate houses. For construction of dwelling units and community toilets in urban slums the Central Govt. provides 50 percent of the cost and the rest 50 percent is given by the State governments. Central Govt. has given Rs. 211.87 crore for the construction of 1.06 lakh dwelling units and 20817 toilets in urban slums. In addition to above said measures, the Govt. has taken several fiscal and monetary measures to encourage the private sector to construct houses. Lowering of interest rate for housing loan. Income tax concession over housing loans, rationalisation of rent. Central laws etc. are some of the measures in this regard. The Govt. has declared National Housing Policy m 1988 and 1998 to provide guidelines to solve the housing problem in the country.

34. ILLITERACY

35. Illiteracy  Illiteracy in India has, since long before independence, been regarded as an obstacle to development. Who can read but cannot write are not literate. Formal education in a school is not necessary for a person to be considered as literate. Who is literate? : One who can read and write some language is literate. UNESCO has defined a literate person as “one who can with understanding both read and write a short simple statement on his every day life”.

36. CAUSES OF ILLITERACY High rate of population growth in relation to low rate of adult population gaining literacy. Ineffectiveness of primary schools in enrolling and retaining students. Traditional outlook of lower-caste people is using young children for their occupation. High level of poverty . Non-conducive educational policies of the colonial rulers to the spread of education. Low allotment of funds till the Seventh Five Year Plan.

37. CAUSES OF ILLITERACY Poverty Wrong attitude to education Wrong policies and priorities Traditions and values Lack of access to education Poor and inadequate facilities Social evils Emigration of educated individuals Overpopulation

38. STRATEGIES FOR ALLEVIATING ILLITERACY National Policy on Education National system of education laying down: To establish education all over the country. Reinforcing the integrative aspect of society and culture. Establishing a value system necessary for an egalitarian, democratic and secular society.

39. Education implemented through various channels: Establishment of centres in rural areas. Worker’s education through the employers. Radio, TV, Films as mass and group learning media. Programmes of distance learning. Organizing assistance in self-learning.

40. National Adult Education Programme (NAEP) The NAE Programme was launched on Oct. 2, 1978. package with envisages are: Imparting literacy skills to the target illiterate population. Their functional development. Creation of awareness among them regarding laws and policies of the government. Special emphasis is being placed on the education of women, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and weaker sections of society.

41. Rural Functional Literacy Programme (RFLP) The RFLP is sub- programme of the NAEP. The broad objectives of the programme are: To develop abilities in the learners to read and write. To create awareness among the learners about their rights and duties. The RFLP was launched in May 1986 by involving the NSS and other Student Volunteers in college and universities on the topic of “Each One Teach One”. National Literacy Mission (NLM) NLM with a view of achieving literacy goals through setting into motion Total Literacy Campaigns (TLCs) all over the country. The NLM was launched in May 1988.

42. FOOD SUPPLIES

43. FOOD SUPPLY Food supply is a broad range of food production- distribution. Food supply helps to meet the demand of the market. Proper food supply helps to meet the nutrition of the population but nowadays due to improper food supply there is a little unfulfillment of a nutrition to the population.

44. Issues regarding food chain: Declined food production Week family planning Malnutrition Starvation deaths & farmers’ suicides Decreased agricultural production, and falling food availability Unemployment

45. HOW TO OVERCOME Reduce population growth rate Promote economic prosperity, health, and education Invest in agricultural productivity Research, extension, credit, markets Protect soil and water resources Assign property rights Gives resource owners a stake in environmental protection Encourage economic growth among the poorest

46. National food security act, 2013 This law aims to provide subsidized food grains to approximately two thirds of India's 1.2 billion people. Under the provisions of the bill, beneficiaries are to be able to purchase 5 kilograms per eligible person per month of cereals. Prices of cereals are Rice - 3 per KG Wheat - 2 per KG Millets - 1 per KG Pregnant women, lactating mothers, and certain categories of children are eligible for daily free meals.

47. FOOD SUPPLIES The Government of India have launched several nutritional programmes to tackle major problems of malnutrition prevailing in India. There are: Applied nutrition programme Mid-day meal programme Vitamin ‘A’ Prophylaxis Prophylaxis against nutritional Anaemia Control of iodine deficiency disorders Special nutrition programme Balwadi nutrition programme ICDS programme

48. APPLIED NUTRITION PROGRAMME This project was launched by the Government of India in 1963 with aid from UNICEF, WHO and FAO for improving the nutrition of the nursing, and expectant mothers and children. ANP (Applied Nutrition Programme) has now become an integral part of the community development programme in different state of India.

49. MID-DAY MEAL PROGRAMME The Mid-day meal programme is also known as school lunch programme . This programme has been in operation since 1961 throughout the country. The major objective of the programme is to attract more children for admission to schools and retain them so that literacy improvement of children could be brought about.

50. VITAMIN ‘A’ PROPHYLAXIS One of the components of the National Programme of Control of Blindness is to administer a single massive dose of Vitamin ‘A’ daily. Preparation orally to all preschool children in the community every six months through peripheral health workers. An evaluation of the programme has revealed a significant reduction in Vitamin ‘A’ deficiency in children.

51. PROPHYLAXIS AGAINST NUTRITIONAL ANEMIA The programme consists of distribution of iron and folic acid tablets to pregnant women and young children (1-12 years). Mother aid, children health centers in rural areas and ICDS projects are engaged in the implementation of this programme .

52. CONTROL OF IODINE DEFICIENCY DISORDERS Nearly 145 million of people estimated to living in known goitre endomic areas of the country. The National Goire Control Programme was launched by the Government of India in 1962 in the conventional goitre belt in the Himalayan region with the objective of identification of the goitre endemic areas to supply. Iodised salt in place of common salt and to asses the impact of goitre control measures over a period of time.

53. SPECIAL NUTRITION PROGRAMME This programme was started in 1970 for the nutritional benefit of children below 6 years of age, pregnant and nursing mothers and is in operation in urban slums, tribal areas and backward rural areas. The beneficiary mothers receive daily 500 kcal and 25 grams of protin . This supplement is provided to them for about 300 days in a year

54. BALWADI NUTRITION PROGRAMME This programme was started in 1970 for the benefit of children in the age group 3-6 years in rural areas. It is under the overall charge of the department of social welfare. Four national level organizations including the Indian Council of Child Welfare are given grants to implement the programme . The porgramme is implemented through balwadi which also provide preparatory education to these children

55. ICDS PROGRAMME Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) was started in 1975 in pursuance of the National Policy for Children. There is strong nutrition component in this programme in the form of supplementary nutrition, vitamin ‘A’ prophylaxis and iron and folic acid distribution. The beneficiaries are preschool children below 6 years, pregnant and lactating mothers.

56. PROSTITUTION

57. PROSTITUTION Its world’s oldest profession. Its not only personal disorganization but its affect family and the community at large. It is a burning social problems the globe. Combinations of factors are enhancing the prostitution. Definition: “A prostitute is a persons who agrees to have sexual intercourse with any persons, who offers money or in kind”.

58. Causes of prostitution Biological: Biological Sex urge is human being Socio-Economic: Poverty, Mother’s occupation, Socio-Economic Industrialization, Urbanization, Lack of family and social control and Lack of moral teaching.

59. Causes of prostitution Causes of females Economic factor: with out any support Ignorance: rural girls, employment posts Unhappy marital relations: Inordinate sex desire: Desire for new experience Restrictions on widow remarriage Devadasi system:

60. Causes of prostitution Causes of males The unmarried persons : leads bachelors to prostitution. The married person : unsatisfactory marital relationship, temperamental or cultural differences between the couple. The widower or the divorces 

61. TYPES OF PROSTITUTES The overt prostitute: Professional registered, unregistered prostitute who live in brothel houses. Act as entertainers, supplements to their legitimate earnings. Clandestine group: The occasional prostitute: who alternates periods of reforms with period of active prostitution. The incidental prostitute: Inadequate legitimate income, by the role of sex favour increased income. Married women occasionally resort to mercenary and adulterous practices. Lower status of women which the guardian enters into agreement with a member for a stipulated period.

62. Legislation on prostitution Bombay prevention of prostitution Act 1923, Madras 1930, Bengal 1933, UP 1933, Punjab 1935, Bihar 1948, MP 1953. Suppression of Immoral Act 1956 . Future Programme Sex education : Employment opportunity for women Removal of certain social customs Publicity and propaganda

63. RIGHTS OF WOMEN

64. RIGHTS OF WOMEN The Department of Women and Child Development created in 1985 and implements the policies and programmes relating to women and child welfare. Social legislation Compare to other religion Hindu women suffered from many legal disabilities. After the New Constitution of India in 1950. Women’s position was changed that is Equal of rights to women with men. Rights to vote and get elected. Panchayati Raj bodies seats are reserved. 72nd and 73rd Amendment Bills dealing have provided 30% reservation seats for women.

65. Social legislation Acts  The Hindu Succession Act 1956 The Hindu Guardianship Act 1956 The Child Marriage Restraint Amendment Act 1978 The Dowry Prohibition Act 1961 Maternity Benefits Act 1961 The Factories Amendment Act 1976 The equal Remuneration Act 1976 These social legislation acts have removal the several disabilities for women

66. Education Programme Lack of education has been a great hindrance to women’s progress. The Central Government gives financial assistance to the educationally backward states for establishing schools and colleges exclusively for girls. Loans and grants are given for construction of women hostel buildings. The SC/ST girls receive higher rates of postmatric scholarship as compared to boys.

67. Education Programme Adult education centers providing education for women especially Health, Nutrition, Child Care and Family Planning. The curriculum also includes skills like teaching, stitching, embroidery and knitting etc.. The Ministry of Welfare has launched Functionally Literacy Programmes for Adult women. The Central Social Welfare Board gives grants to Voluntary Organizations for women education.

68. Employment and Income Generating Programmes The Government is giving greater attention to the training of women in vocational courses. More women polytechnics are being opened where girls are provided training in Instrumental technology for repair and maintenance of electronic equipment, manufacturing of ready-made garments, handloom weaving, food preservation, typing and stenography etc.. The various trades in which training is imported are electronics, watch assembly and repair, computers programming printing and binding, handloom weaving, handicrafts, weaving and spinning, toy-making etc.

69. Employment and Income Generating Programmes  These programmes is implemented through Public Sector Undertaking / Corporations / Autonomous Bodies/ Voluntary organizations. The rehabilitation of women in distress, a scheme was launched in 1977 to provide vocational training-cum-employment and residential care so that women in distress such as Young and Old Widows, Unmarried Mothers, Victims of Kidnapping, Deserted Women could become economically independent. Women’s employment in various sectors such as agriculture, dairying, handloom and handcrafts where women are preponderantly engaged in work, was formulized at the beginning of the seventh Five Year Plan (1985-1990).

70. Hostels for Working Women One of the main difficulties faced by working women is lack of suitable accommodation in a healthy and wholesome environment. A Central Scheme of Assistance for Constructing of Hostel Buildings for working women was started in 1972. The scope of the scheme was widened in 1980 by including a provision for DayCare Centres for the children. Financial assistance to the extent of 50% of the cost of land and 75% of the cost of construction of the Hostels is given to Voluntary Organizations.

71. Hostels for Working Women An Advisory Committee on working women’s hostel has been set up under the chairmanship of the Minister of State for Women and Child Development to review the functioning of the programme and advise the Government on the measure for its improvement and expansion. The Department also gives financial assistance to Voluntary organization for establishing and running short stay homes to protect and rehabilitate those women’s. Under the scheme social facilities of adjustment, education, vocational and recreational activities are provided.

72. Appointment of Commissions and Committees The Government of India in order to study the problems of women and invite suggestions and recommendations for their solution. For Women’s welfare has been appointing various committees and commissions from time to time and accepting their recommendations to the extent possible. National Committee on the Status of Women (1974) National Expert Committee on Women Prisoners (1986) National Committee on Women (1980) National Commission on Self-employed Women and Women in the informal Sector (1987)

73. CHILDREN

74. CHILDREN Children constitute about 40% of India’s population. Nearly 40% suffer form malnutrition, about one lakh succumbing to it every month. India’s infant mortality rate of 120 per 1000. For every seven children born, one dies before the age of 5. Over 30,000 children go blind every years. Nine out of every 1000 schools going children suffer from rheumatic heart disease because of nutritional anemia. The 100 of children are kidnapped every year and many of them are sold for forced into beggary.

75. Constitutional Provisions The national concern for children is reflected in the constitutional and legislative provisions which govern the rights of children. Article 25 lays down that no child below the age of 14 shall be employed to work in any factory or mine hazardous nature. Article 39 requires the States to ensure that children are not forced by economic necessity to enter vocations unsuited to their age and strength. Article 45 requires the State to endeavour to provide free and compulsory education for all children upto the age of 14 years.

76. The Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act 1956. Women’s Act 1960. State and Children’s Institutions (Licensing) Children Act Factories Act of 1948. Plantation The Labour Act of 1951 Mines Act of 1952. Juvenile Justice Act 1986.

77. Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) scheme was introduces on October 2, 1975. main objectives… To improve the nutrition and health status of children in the age group of 0-6 years. To lay the foundations for proper psychological. Physical To and social development of the child. reduce the incidence of mortality. Morbidity. Malnutrition To and school drop outs. achieve effective coordination of policy and implementation among the various departments to promote child development.

78. The scheme covers children below the age of six years. It aims at the delivery of package of services such as. Supplementary nutrition Immunization Health check-up Referral services Non-formal Nutrition (pre-school) education and health education to all women. The focus point to provide an anganwadi in every village, or a ward of an urban slum area.

79. Other programmes The Welfare Department of Child Welfare are: Day Care Centre for children of working and ailing women Early childhood education centre Anand pattern Integrated Family Welfare Programme National Award for Child Welfare Celebration of Children’s Day Mid Day Meal Scheme for School-going Children Public awareness programme through mass media agencies like radio, television, children’s films.

80. And also introduce Children’s park Painting competitions Cultural programmes Children’s publications Children’s libraries Bal Bhawans Doll’s Museum Children’s film Society Children’s Book Trust Children’s fair etc.

81. ELDERLY

82. ELDERLY The population of the old people of 60-plus age is estimated to be about 60 million in India. Most of the elderly people in villages. Once the elderly people commanded great respect due to the traditional norms and values of Indian society but now the situation has undergone a change. Because of disintegration of joint family system and recent changes in social values, social structure and economy resulting form industrialization, urbanization and impact of western culture.

83. These elderly people are now neglected by their children and they feel “unwanted”. The generation gap is widening and the children find it difficult to adjust with their elderly parents. Consequently the aged now suffer from numerous familial, social, economic and psychological problems.

84. Government Organizations The problems of the aged can be mitigated by providing necessary welfare services to them by way of…. Reasonable amount of old age pension Free medical care Housing facilities in the form of old age homes Recreational facilities to relative their loneliness Usual courtesies extended to them

85. VOLUNTARY ORGANIZATIONS Various voluntary organizations and associations concerned with the care and welfare of the elderly people. But particularly Help-Age India and Age-Care India are carrying on in the field of the care of the aged.

86. HELP-AGE INDIA It was established in 1978 on the pattern of Help the Aged Society of England. It is a voluntary organization working national wide for elderly people care  In India it operated throughout the country with a network of 22 centres in major cities. Its head office in New Delhi.

87. It also conduct various events like : Painting competition Debates Grandparents meet etc. These includes Home for aged, day centres , geriatric wards, mobile Medicare units, rehabilitation of the blind aged, physically handicapped and leprosy patients and cataract operations.

88. AGE-CARE INDIA Age-Care India (ACI) was established in 1980. Providing educational, recreational , social, cultural and spiritual services. Arranging for medical services, part-time employment to supplement their income Organizing tours, trips and pilgrimages. Conducting research and studies on the problems of the aged and arranging study circles, seminars, fetes, rallies, etc. It has four types of members : Founder members, Life members ,Associate members, Temporary members

89. OLD AGE HOMES The Central/State Governments Municipal bodies Philanthropic Welfare Associations Old/Elderly Citizens Welfare Association have set up homes for the old/elderly citizens At present there are only some 300 homes in the country mostly in urban areas. These demands are not really off-target, considering the hardship the senior citizens face to on retiring or when they have no means of livelihood and are ignored by the younger lot in their families.

90. HANDICAPPED

91. HANDICAPPED A disabled person is one who suffers from the loss or impairment of a limb or deformity in physical or mental capability whether due to nature’s foul play or an unexpected unfortunate accident. It is estimated that about 12 millions Indians about 1.8% of Indian population have at least one disability or the other. About 10% of the handicapped are having more than one type of physical disability.

92. National Institutes for the Disabled There are four National Institutes in each major are of disability under the Ministry of Welfare, these are; National Institute for the Orthopedically handicapped at Calcutta. National Institute for the Visually handicapped at Dehradun . National Institute for the Mentally Handicapped at Secunderabad Ali Yavar Jung National Institute for the Hearing Handicapped at Bombay. These institutes have been designated as top organizations for training of professionals, production of education material and other aids for the handicapped.

93. District Rehabilitation Centres The Ministry of Welfare started the District Rehabilitation Centre Scheme in 1983 for disabled persons living in rural areas. The scheme predict comprehensive identification of disabled persons following which restorative, medical, educational, vocational and placement services are arranged for them. These District Centres also encourage NonGovernmental Organizations to provide community awareness, parental counseling and Vocational training services.

94. Other Facilities for Handicapped Loans are available from banks at concessional rates of interest for the handicapped persons to set up self-employment ventures. 3% of vacancies in group ‘C’ and ‘D’ posts in the Government and public sector undertaking have been reserved for the disabled persons. A ten year relaxation in age has been given to enable them to take advantage of reservation policy Special concessions to handicapped persons for travel by bus, train and air. Priority is also given to disabled persons in the allotment of Government houses.

95. Scholarship for handicapped students from class IXth upwards including higher and professional education are also given. H.M.T. has produced Braille wrist watches for blind students. Sports competition are organized for physically handicapped persons and the winners are awarded prizes. The state gives pension to handicapped persons.

96. MINORITY GROUPS Schedule caste (SC) Schedule tribe (ST)

97. SCHEDULED CASTE / SCHEDULE TRIBE The scheduled caste and scheduled tribe classes constitute under privileged who have been oppressed, suppressed, exploited humiliated and deprived equality liberty and justice in various field of life. They have suffered numerous disabilities and deprivations and are therefore known as minority groups of society. The term scheduled caste appeared for the first time in Government of India Act, 1935. In April 1936, the British Government had issued the Government of India (Scheduled Castes) order. And specifying certain castes, races and tribes as scheduled castes.

98. Constitutional Safeguards The constitution prescribes protection and safeguards for the SCs and STs The main safeguards as: The abolition of untouchability and the forbidding of its practices in any form (Art.17); The throwing open by law of Hindu religious institutions of a public character to all classes and section of Hindus (Art.25 b) Special representation in the Lok Sabha and the State Raj Sabhas to SCs and STs till 25 January 2010 (Art. 330,332 and 334).

99. Reservation in Services Article 335 of the Constitution provides that the claims of the members of SCs and STs shall be taken into consideration, in making appointment to posts and services, in connection with the affairs of the union of the states. Article 16 (4) permits reservations in favour of citizens of backward classes, who may not be adequately represented in services. Reservations for SCs and STs is subject to the maximum of 50 % of the total number of vacancies. This scheme of reservations is also being followed by the public sector undertakings.

100. Centrally Sponsored Schemes Post- Martic Scholarships for SCs and STs students. Pre- Martic Scholarships for the children of those engaged in unclean occupations. Book banks for SC/ST students studying in Medical and Engineering colleges. Boys and Girls Hostels Scheme for SCs. Coaching and Allied schemes for SCs and STs.

101. Objectives of Tribal Development The major objective in tribal development were: Taking up family oriented beneficiary programmes in the field of agriculture, horticulture, animal husbandry, small industries, etc., Elimination of exploitation of tribal. Human resource development through education and training programs. Infrastructure development

102. OTHER BACKWARD CLASS (OBC)

103. OTHER BACKWARD CLASS (OBC) As regard the socially and educationally backward classes, now popularly called OBCs the only special provision for them is under Article 340 (15) of the Constitution regarding the appointment of a Commission by the President of India to investigate the condition of backward classes. The Commission in 25 reports submitted in March, 1955 recommended that the basic certain for identification of the Other Backward Classes accordingly prepared a list of almost 2700 communities, and tired of the country’s population.

104. Mandal Commission : The appointment of Second Backward Classes Commission headed by Shri . B.P. Mandal in 1978. The recommendations of the Mandal Commission were summarized as follows: 27% of the posts in public services should be reserved for OBCs. Welfare programmes specially meant for OBC’s should be financed by the Government of India in the same manner and to the same extent already done in the case of SCs and STs. OBCs should be encouraged and helped to set up small scale industries. Special educational schemes, with emphasis on vocational training should be started for OBCs.

105. CHILD LABOUR

106. CHILD LABOUR Child labours are exploited, exposed to hazardous work conditions and paid a pittance for their long hours of work. Forced to do without education, should ering responsibilities for beyond their years. The Indian Constitution protect that: No child below the age of 14 years shall be employed to work in any factory or in any hazardous employment (Article 25). The state shall endeavour to provide within a period of 10 years from the commencement of the Constitution free and compulsory education for all children until they complete the age of 14 years (Article 45).

107. Nature of Child Work A majority of the working children are concentrated in the rural areas. In urban areas who work in canteens and restaurants. Mumbai has the largest number of child labourers . For instance, the fireworks and match box units in Sivakasi in Ramanathapuram district in Tamil Nadu employ 45,000 children. In the slate pencil industry of Mandsaur in Madhya Pradesh, out of total workforce of 12,000 workers. In the slate industry of Markapur in Andhra Pradesh, about 3,750 child workers are involved in a total workforce of 15,000 workers.

108. The lock making industry of Aligarh in Uttar Pradesh employs between 7,000 and 10,000 children below the age of 14 years. In the brassware industry of Moradabad in Utter Pradesh, about 40,000-50,000 children are working. In the glass industry of Firozabad in Uttar Pradesh, 50,000 children are working. Surat (Gujarat), boys in their early teens are engaged in large numbers in diamond-cutting operations which causes irreparable damage to the eyes.

109. In Kashmir and Mirzapur, the carpet weaving industry employs small girls in back breaking works. In Saharanpur, 10,000 child workers are engaged in the wood carving industry. In Varanasi, 5,000 children work in the silk weaving industry. In Delhi, 60,000 children work in Dhabas , tea-stalls and restaurants on daily wages.

110. Causes of Child Labour A large number of them do not have families or cannot count on them for support. In these circumstances, the alternatives to work may be joblessness, poverty, worse, crime. The social scientists say that the main cause of child labour is poverty. The persons are forced to send their children to work in factories. Another reason is that child labour is deliberately created by vested interests to get cheap labour . Child labour is that it benefits industries.

111. Control Review national laws regarding  child labour . Support child education. Check the age of your employees. Identify hazardous work. Support the child welfare groups. Stop hiring  children  below the minimum age. Remove  children  from hazardous work.

112. CHILD ABUSE

113. CHILD ABUSE Kempe and Kempe (1978) have defined child abuse as “a condition having to do with those who have been deliberately injured by physical attack”. Burgess (1979) child abuse refers to “any child who receives non-accidental physical and psychological injury as a result of acts and omissions on the part of his parents or guardians or employers…”

114. Types of abuse

115. Problems of abuses Physical abuse : burns, fractures, human-bite, abdominal abuse injuries, bruises etc. Sexual abuse : difficulty in walking and sitting, abuse complaints of pain, bleeding, venereal disease, pregnancy. Emotional abuse : failure to provide food, cloth, shelter, abuse care and supervision, alcoholism, sex relation, smoking etc. 

116. The victims of abuse: on the three types of child abuse, namely, physical, sexual and emotional. Physical Abuse : Boys are more battered than girls School going children run greater risk to being physically abused than those who do not go to school. Older children (14-16 yrs) are more abused physically than younger children (10-13 yrs). Non-working children are beaten more than working children. A large number of abused children belong to poor families. Mother abuse children physically more than fathers.

117. The victims of abuse: Sexual abuse : Girls are more victims of sexual abuse than boys. A high proportion of children become victims of sexual abuse when they are 14 or above 14 years of age. Males are usually abused sexually by one person while girls are generally assaulted by more than one person. In about two-third cases, the perpetrators have secondary relationship with the victims. Boys are generally the victims of “ employmentrelated ” abuse while girls are generally the victims of “acquaintance-related”.

118. The victims of abuse: Emotional abuse: Boys are more emotionally maltreated than girls. Working children are as much neglected as nonworking children. School-going children are a little more maltreated than non-school going children. In a large number of cases, the parents who neglected the child are those whose income is low and liabilities are many; who are middle-aged, illiterate or less educated; and who are engaged in low-status jobs.

119. Causes of child abuse Causes of Physical abuse: Relation between parents and children Disobeying parents Not taking interest in studies Spending most of the time away form home Misbehavior from outsides and deviant behavior theft, smoke etc.

120. Causes of child abuse Causes of Sexual abuse: Family environment Family structure Situational factor Fails to parent-child relation Lack of adequate control

121. Causes of child abuse Causes of Emotional abuse : Poverty Alcoholism of parents Maltreatment faced by the children Deficient parental control

122. High risk: Families in which the parents are in their mid-20s High school dropouts or lack a high school diploma Families living below the poverty level or financially stressed Families stressed because of a loss of job or home Families with a history of intergenerational abuse Families with alcohol, or substance abuse problems Families with a history of depression Families with spouse abuse

123. Control:

124. DELINQUENCY

125. DELINQUENCY Juvenile delinquents are simply under-age criminals constitute crimes when committed by adults. Between the age group of 7 to 16 or 18 years, as prescribed by the law of the land. Definition: According to Reckless (1956), the term ‘juvenile delinquency’ applies to the “Violation of criminal code and/or pursuit of certain patterns of behaviour disapproved of/for children and young adolescents”.

126. Nature of Juvenile Delinquents 1. The delinquents rates are much higher among boys than among girls, that is, girls commit less delinquents than boys. 2. The delinquents rates tend to be highest during early adolescence (12-16 yrs age). 3. Juvenile delinquency is more an urban than a rural phenomenon. 4. Children living without parents and guardians are found to be more involved in the juvenile crimes. 5. Low educational background is the prime attribute for delinquency. 6. Poor economic background 7. Not many delinquents are committed in groups.

127. Factors in Juvenile Delinquency

128. Preventive programmes 1. General improvements in the institutional structure of the society, for example, family, neighborhood, school. 2. Raising the income levels of poor families. 3. Providing job opportunities to children 4. Establishing schools 5. Improving job conditions 6. Providing recreational facilities in neighborhoods 7. Improving marital relations through family counseling services 8. Imparting moral and social education

129. CRIME

130. CRIME Definition Tappan has defined crime as “an intentional act or omission in violation of criminal law committed without defense or justification”. Thorsten Sellin has described it as “violation of conduct norms of the normative groups” Mowrer had defined it as “an anti-social act”.

131. Characteristics of Crime Hall Jerome (1947), according to him, no action is to be viewed as crime unless it has five characteristics It is legally forbidden It is intentional It is harmful to society It has criminal objective Some penalty is prescribed for it. 

132. Confinement of Correction of Criminals Two methods are mainly used in our society in punishing/treating the criminals. Imprisonment and Release on probation Prisons The condition in Indian jails were horrible up to 1919-20. It was after recommendations of 1919-20 Indian Jails Reform committee that changes like classification, segregation of prisoners, education, recreation, assigning productive work and opportunities for maintaining contacts with family and society were introduced in maximum-security prisons. That is central jail, district jails and sub-jails

133. Probation Probation is an alternative to a prison. It is suspension of sentence of an offender by the court and releasing him on certain conditions to live in the community with or without the supervision of a probation officer. The system was introduced in India in 1958 by passing the Central Probation Act. Through section 562 in 1898 IPC permitted release of an offender on probation but it applied only to juvenile delinquents and first offenders.

134. Prevention and control Law Punishment Awareness Education Basic needs Security Research and planning

135. SUBSTANCE ABUSE

136. SUBSTANCE ABUSE The term substance can refer to any physical matter. Substance abuse may be perceived both as abnormal behaviour and as a social problem. In spite of this increase, drug abuse in India is still considered more as an abnormal behaviour than an anti-social or a non-conforming behaviour . Several researches have been conducted on drug abuse in India in the last two decade by Medical scientists, psychiatrists and sociologists.

137. Motivation in Drug Usage Psychological causes: like relieving tension, depression, removing inhibitions, satisfying interest, removing boredom, getting kicks, feeling high and confident, and intensifying perception. Social causes: Like facilitating social experiences, being accepted by friends and challenging social values. Physiological cause: Like increasing sexual experiences, removing pain and getting sleep. Other cause: Like improving study, depending self-understanding and solving personal problems, etc.

138. Control over Substance Abuse 1. Teaching education about drugs: Prevention should be young college/university students particularly those living in hostels and way from control of their parents. And living in slums, industrials workers, and truck drivers and rickshaw-pullers. Parents have to play an important role in imparting education

139. Control over Substance Abuse 2. Changing physicians’ attitude: The doctors have to show a greater care in controlling the side efforts of the drugs. Though drugs help many, yet there are dangers of overdependency . Thus, people come to depend more on medication than on physician which is a dangerous practice. 3. Rehabilitation centre: The addicts treated under rehabilitation centers .

140. Control over Substance Abuse   4.Counseling to the Parents: Communicate with openly with the children, listen to their problems patiently and teach them how to handle the problems Take interest in children’s activities and their circle of friends Set an example for children by not taking drugs or alcohol Keep track of prescribed drugs in home

141. Control over Substance Abuse 5. The teachers: They can discuss dangers of drug abuse with the students by taking informally and openly They can keep themselves interested in their students’ interested and activities. They can encourage them to volunteer information of any incident of drug abuse They can talk about the problems of adolescence and guide students how to solve them They can help them in selecting career options and setting goals They can encourage them to discuss their crises with them and help them to the best of their abilities in facing these crises.

142. HIV/AIDS

143. HIV/AIDS AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome) is a disease which is caused by a virus called Human Immuno -deficiency Virus or HIV. This virus is fatal and dangerous because it destroys the immune system (the capacity of the body to fight diseases) in the human body. This virus is smaller than even bacteria and is not observable even with the microscope. This virus can be transmitted to other persons in a number of ways. AIDS is the last stage of infected with HIV and developing AIDS. No vaccine has been invented till today as a cure for AIDS or for protecting people for the HIV.

144. High Risk Groups and Means of Transmitting the Virus HIV infection is not contagious in the same sense as measles, chicken pox, tuberculosis, cholera, plague or small pox It mainly spreads through a sexual route and blood to blood contact. It may be said that HIV spreads mainly through four sources: Sex with an infected partner – heterosexual as well as homosexual. Transfusion of blood and blood products infected with HIV Injection drugs with infected syringes or needles Infected mother to her unborn child.

145. Stages in the Development of the Disease Initial HIV infection: In this stage, with the entering of HIV virus in the body. Within few weeks which resembles influenza of flu with symptoms like fever, bodyache and headache. Persistently enlarged glands: In the next stage, a person develops enlarged but painless glands in the neck and armpits which are free of any symptoms. The early symptoms of AIDS are fatigue, weight-loss, chronic diarrhoea , prolonged fever, cough, night sweats and lymph gland enlargement.

146. AIDS-related complex: In this stage, the virus damages the immune system which produces symptoms like attacks of diarrhoea , sweating, loss of weight and extreme weakness. Full-blown AIDS: This stage is reached after an average of nine to ten years form the time of containing the HIV infection. The immune system is totally destroyed and many infections and cancers are produced.The patient becomes very weak and always feel tired. This stage is easily recognized by doctors.A man does not survive for more than three to four years after this stage.

147. Caring for the Infected Indian government had identified 13 medical college hospitals all over the country where facilities for the effective clinical management were to be set up. However, so far only four institutions at Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Calcutta have these facilities. Besides about 100 surveillance centres have been established for detecting AIDS infection. There is also a plan under the National AIDS Control Programme to train one specialist from each hospital in metropolitan cities in the early detection of AIDS cases. These specialists, to be called PRADS (Physicians Responsible for AIDS Diagnosis) will provide training to at least one doctor in each district.

148. Prevention and control: Awarness : Adult education Use of condoms Safe sex practices Help line numbers (1950) HIV/AIDS clinics Free counseling

149. Regular HIV testing for prostitutes Strict regulations on drug abuse Policies for blood transfusion Prenatal testing for HIV HIV/AIDS day celebration(1 st December) Guidelines and trainings for medical and paramedical staff for safe disposable of needles or infected materials.