Unit 1chapter1- overview and issues.pptx

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1. Unit 1 Chapter 1: Overview and Issues

2. Index Problems Toxins Power Consumption Equipment Disposal Company’s Carbon Footprint Measuring Details Reasons to bother Plan for the Future Cost Savings Hardware Power

3. Problems We need to go green. Symantec Corp. study revealed 75% of datacenter managers have interest in adopting a strategic green center initiative, but only one in seven has actually done so. The reason is —money. Although datacenter managers want to save the environment, they also want to save money.

4. Problems ( cont …) Adopting a green infrastructure can cost more money but can save thousands or even millions of dollars by making some changes.

5. Toxins According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) , Americans throw out more than 2 million tons of consumer electronics annually, making electronic waste (also known as e-waste ) one of the fastest growing components of the municipal waste stream. These electronics break down and release mercury and other toxins.

6. Toxins ( cont …) E-waste is a concern because of the impact of its toxicity and carcinogenicity when components are not properly disposed of. Toxic substances can include: Lead Mercury Cadmium Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

7. Toxins ( cont …) A computer monitor contain more than 6% lead, much of which is in the lead glass of the cathode ray tube (CRT). Components such as capacitors, transformers, and PVC insulated wires that were manufactured before 1977 contain dangerous amount of PCBs.

8. Toxins ( cont …) Upgrade, but with environmental responsibility in mind. E-waste processing systems are being forced to clean up their acts. More regulation, public attention, and commercial consideration are being paid to the issue. E-waste is being handled separately from conventional garbage and recycling processes. Far more computers are being reused and refurbished.

9. Toxins ( cont …) Benefits to reusing equipment: There is less demand for new products and their use of virgin raw materials. Less water and electricity is used when reuse lowers the need for the production of new products. Less packaging is used. Redeployed technology is available to more sectors of society, because computers and other components are often more affordable. Less toxins are going into landfills.

10. Toxins ( cont …) Toxins found on your desktop computer are: Lead in the cathode ray tube and solder Arsenic in older cathode ray tubes Antimony trioxide used as flame retardant Polybrominated flame retardants in plastic casings, cables, and circuit boards Selenium used as a power supply rectifier in circuit boards Cadmium in circuit boards and semiconductors Chromium used as corrosion protection in steel Cobalt in steel for structure and magnetism Mercury in switches and the housing

11. Power Consumption What You Use All desktop PCs, all servers, all switches, and so forth use electricity to run. A fair amount of electricity is used to cool electronics. This electricity not only costs money to buy from the electrical utility, but the utility has to generate the electricity, quite often by using fossil fuels, which generate more greenhouse gas emissions.

12. Power Consumption ( cont …) Power usage is an especially relevant issue for operating a green information system— the more power that’s used, the more money that’s spent and the greater the carbon footprint. 80% of businesses have never conducted an energy audit and only 29% of businesses are investing in energy-efficient PCs—Intel, 2006. Companies are losing money because they don’t know what they’re spending and how they can reduce those costs.

13. Power Consumption ( cont …) More expensive to run an IT department, strictly from a power consumption standpoint. International Data Corporation (IDC) notes that ten years ago, around 17 cents out of every dollar spent on a new server went to power and cooling. Today, it’s up to 48 cents. Unless things change, that number will get as large as 78 cents or more—IDC, 2007.

14. Power Consumption ( cont …) Solutions Conserving power can be realized via technologies such as virtualizing servers. That is, removing the physical server from service and offloading its duties onto another machine. Such a practice saves an organization. Another issue is the planetary impact.

15. Power Consumption ( cont …) Gartner estimates that by the end of 2008, 50% of the datacenters in the world might not have enough power to meet the power and cooling requirements of the high-density computing gear that vendors are offering—Gartner, November 2006. Point : If you have less equipment, you use less electricity and you have less impact on the planet.

16. Power Consumption ( cont …) There are two ways you can rely less on fossil fuel–based sources of electricity: Virtualization: Virtualization takes multiple physical servers out of operation and offloads their duties onto a single machine. Specialized software makes it possible to run dozens of servers on one physical machine, thus reducing the amount of power consumed.

17. Power Consumption ( cont …) Generate your own power: Many companies are striving to be completely carbon neutral. One way to cut electrical bills and make a move toward carbon neutrality is to generate your own power. This is typically done using solar cells or wind turbines. Also, if you generate more power than you need, you can sell it back to your electrical utility.

18. Power Consumption ( cont …) Heat The energy you consume to cool equipment is also an issue. The more equipment you have (and the less efficient it is), the more heat it generates and the more electricity is used to cool the equipment. The crux of the matter is: more efficient and less equipment, and you need to employ creative cooling strategies to make the least impact you possibly can.

19. Power Consumption ( cont …) Swiss datacenter owned by CIB-Services AG in 2008, the Uitikon , Switzerland company started using the hot air removed from its datacenter to heat the nearby public swimming pool. What would normally be vented into the atmosphere, and thus wasted, is being utilized for a productive purpose.

20. Equipment Disposal The issues go beyond power consumption. Computers and other devices are routinely discarded once they become obsolete. Gartner estimates that 133,000 PCs are discarded by U.S. homes and businesses each day. In 1998 alone, more than 20 million PCs became obsolete in the U.S., but fewer than 11% of them were recycled—Gartner, 2003.

21. Equipment Disposal (cont..) Old computers don’t need to be looked at like they’re infectious materials. If they are properly disposed of, they can be a great source for secondary raw materials. But if they are disposed of improperly, they can be major sources of toxins and carcinogens. There is no formal, official, legal process in place for the disposal of electronics.

22. Equipment Disposal (cont..) Europe and Japan have policies in place that govern not only what can go inside computer, but also how those devices should be handled when they’ve reached their end of life. Electronic waste is a big problem. It represents 2% of American landfills, but it accounts for 70% of overall toxic waste. Much of the e-waste is shipped overseas to China, India, Nigeria, and other places.

23. Company’s Carbon Footprint The term carbon footprint is thrown around a lot in green circles. Although we have a general idea of its meaning—one’s impact on the planet—there’s no standard definition. In some cases, it might refer just to carbon dioxide output; in other cases it means greenhouse gas emissions. In other organizations, carbon footprint might mean that everything is tallied—sourcing materials, manufacturing, distribution, use, disposal, and so forth.

24. Your Company’s Carbon Footprint ( cont …) Measuring carbon footprint necessitates gathering a lot of information. Consider carbon footprint as it relates to greenhouse gases. Track areas such as Facilities Operations Transportation Travel Purchases

25. Company’s Carbon Footprint ( cont …) You also have to draw some boundaries in your measurements. That is, how far upstream and downstream will your organization measure? For example, when you buy new servers for your datacenter, are you responsible for the greenhouse gases generated to have them delivered, or is that the manufacturer’s statistic?

26. Company’s Carbon Footprint ( cont …) Think about the issue downstream. Is your company or your customers responsible for climatic impacts of the use and disposal of your products? You also need to ensure that all this information is collected consistently so it can be put into reports for different departments, facilities, locations, and so forth. Organizations are measuring their greenhouse gas emissions.

27. Measuring Four major steps are used to measure carbon footprint: Define what is included in your carbon footprint. Set your baseline. Track, calculate, and analyze your footprint. Report your results to stakeholders.

28. 1. Define Your Borders You first need to define what you are going to be measuring. You can be as liberal with this as you like, but realize that the more you decide to include in your measurement, the more difficult it will be. Tracking less data is certainly easier, but don’t get an accurate accounting. In calculations, consider both upstream and downstream events. Consider Figure 1-2.

29. Will you integrate the impact of your suppliers into your carbon footprint? What about when your product is sold and out the door? Does its use and ultimate end figure into your carbon footprint?

30. 2. Set a Baseline Take a look at any available data. Establish a baseline year by which future progress can be measured. Look at the existing data, check whether anything unusual was going on that year. For instance, were there newly established governmental guidelines that drastically changed your work environment? If so, you might want to look at a different year.

31. 3. Track and Analyze Your Data Get the data tabulated, it’s not only good as a yardstick by which you can measure future performance, but given the right data, you can use it to ferret out problems now. Look at the numbers critically and look for any anomalies. For instance, if you have three locations that are more or less similar in size, and one has an unusually large reading, you know something’s wrong. By the same token, if all three numbers are the same, but the locations are different sizes, you also know there is a problem.

32. 4. Report Present your carbon footprint information to important stakeholders (CEO, shareholders, and employees) in your organization. These people can see the results of which efforts are being made. As Figure 1-3 shows, if you don’t see the improvement you expected, you can study the problem and explain why you didn’t reach a given milestone.

33. Details Take a look at your organization and how people get to and from work each day. Consider the energy used to get your employees to work. There are a number of online calculators to calculate the amount of greenhouse gases generated by your commuting employees. You can also calculate the amount of greenhouse gases you create because of the electricity your datacenter consumes.

34. The next step is to examine your operations. Take a look at what you buy, sell, and produce. To figure out your organization’s operational impact, you need to get help from an outside consultant or other expert. This is because every organization is absolutely unique.

35. To get the most accurate accounting of your greenhouse gas emissions, you must follow the GHG Protocol Initiative. It is a globally recognized reporting standard for greenhouse gas emissions. Based on the protocols, companies must decide how to account for both direct and indirect emissions:

36. Direct emissions: These are from sources that your company owns or controls, such as factory smokestacks, vents, and company vehicles. Indirect emissions: These are generated as a result of your company’s activities, but occur in sources owned by someone else. For example, if you contract work out or your employees travel, those emissions are generated by a third party, but because of you.

37. Reasons To Bother Why do you care about your carbon footprint? Although measuring your carbon footprint is a good way to measure your overall progress toward becoming green. A good emissions inventory can help with numerous business goals, including the following:

38. Helping your company improve its efficiencies Reducing costs Getting public recognition for taking action to reduce or eliminate your climate impacts It can also help your organization if you are part of somebody else’s supply chain. Major organizations are requiring their suppliers to demonstrate their own commitment to minimizing climate impacts, measuring your impacts may help you maintain your link in the supply chain.

39. According to a study by GlobeScan on behalf of Accountability and Consumers International, 63% of consumers want climate change claims made by businesses to be proven by independent third parties— GlobeScan , 2007.

40. Plan for the Future When you measure your carbon footprint, you also need to think about the future. If your infrastructure is always expanding, even if you virtualize, your virtualized solution will expand as well. Try to anticipate your future needs when computing your carbon footprint, and take the time now to think about how you can minimize that growth’s impact.

41. Cost Savings The primary intent is to show you how adopting Green IT practices can save your business potentially millions of dollars over current practices. Also encourage to adopt ecologically responsible practices, so that we don’t wind up living on a cinder with no atmosphere. Even if you have absolutely no interest in helping the environment, the changes in business processes, practices, and behavior can have an overwhelmingly positive impact on your business.

42. Hardware There are a number of ways that specific hardware and hardware deployments can affect the environment. The biggest way you can reduce your impact on the environment and the amount of money you’re paying for hardware is to simply buy less equipment.

43. Power Buying computers and then disposing of them is a one-time issue. When it’s time to get rid of the computers, you find a responsible recycler, you hand them over, and you’re done. But the issue of power consumption is ongoing.

44. The issue of power consumption is important on two levels. The more power you use, the more money you spend. Next, consider the issue on an environmental level. The more power you use, the more fossil fuels the local electrical utility has to burn, thus causing more greenhouse gases to be generated.

45. Desktops Power can be managed easily by enabling power management settings. Consider this: An average desktop PC requires 85 watts just to idle, even with the monitor off. If that computer is only in use or idling for 40 hours a week instead of a full 168, over US $40 in energy costs will be saved annually from that workstation alone. Think about the savings that can be recognized if those savings are multiplied by thousands of computers across your organization.

46. Datacenters Networked computers are the backbone of business, but the growth in servers and network infrastructure has caused a sharp spike in the electrical usage in the datacenter. Power consumption per rack has risen from 1 kW in 2000 to 8 kW in 2006 and is expected to top 20 kW in 2010, as shown next.

47. This 20-fold demand in energy consumption isn’t just due to more servers. A lot of the increase comes from the additional network infrastructure needed to support additional servers. Consider a 24-port Ethernet switch. On the low end, it uses 250 watts of power (most switches use more) and it is in continuous use. Each 1U rack switch uses 2,190 kW each year. If the electricity generated to power this switch comes from a coal-fired plant, 1,780 pounds of coal are needed to produce the 2,190 kW, as illustrated next.

48. Burning 1,780 pounds of coal releases over two tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, along with other pollutants, such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide.

49. But that’s just for one rack switch. Multiply those numbers (1,780 pounds of coal and two tons of carbon dioxide) by the millions of switches in the world, and you can see that we have a big problem on our hands.

50. Consumption The EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) estimated that datacenters consume 1.5% of the nation’s electrical power, as shown next—US EPA, 2007. That’s barely enough to even show up on a pie chart, but it still equates to about 61 billion kWh per year. That’s twice as much power as was consumed five years ago, and that number will double again by 2011 to more than 100 billion kWh.

51. Unless CIOs do something to change that trend, 100 billion kWh will require the equivalent of 15 new power plants to be constructed . It would churn out as much as 47 million metric tons of carbon dioxide per year. The EPA has suggested a number of ways in which datacenters can be more energy efficient, ranging from properly organizing physical space to reduce cooling loads to using energy-efficient power supplies.

52. Higher energy-efficient power supplies can lower your datacenter’s electrical bill dramatically. The ideal power supplies are at least 80% efficient. Supplies reaching that level of efficiency are certified as 80 Plus . There are calculators that allows you to enter the number of 80 Plus certified computers and servers your organization is using, and then it allows you to put in the average price for electricity (expressed in kWh).

53. End