UNIT-2,Attention.......pptx

Unit II Psychology - Attention, Perception and Memory

1. Attention………..

2. UNIT-2 ATTENTION,PERCEPTION& MEMORY

3. Attention The concept of Attention is studied in Cognitive Psychology with focus on explaining how we process the environmental information with the help of our sensory receptors . The term attention is used for various perceptual processes, which involves selection and inclusion of certain sensory inputs as a part of our conscious experience. The process of attention involves the very act of listening and concentrating on a specific object, topic or event, for fulfilling the desired goals .

4. Attention improves our concentration or consciousness on a selective object only, which helps in improving the clarity or focus on the object which is being perceived. Attention cannot be simply regarded to be a cognitive process only, as it is also influenced by emotions, attitude, interest and memory . The process of attention takes place through our cognitive abilities , but the behavioral and emotional factors help in the selection of the relevant information or stimuli from the environment for focusing one’s consciousness around one event or thing for having a clear perception.

5. Attention Attention is a process which produces interest to select the particular stimulus from various stimuli in the environment.

6. Definition of Attention Attention is the process of getting an object of thought clearly before the mind. - Ross (1951)

7. Types of Attention

8. Characteristics of Attention It is a selective process Cognition (First step in the mental process) Three Dimensional (A,B,C) McDougall – ‘Attending’ as ‘Striving’ It needs motor-adjustment Attention is not divisible.

9. It is fluctuating in nature. Span of attention is limited. Internal factors Interest and efforts

10. Nature of Attention Attention is a cognitive process. Attention is continuous . Attention involves selectivity. Attention is always fluctuating and shifting, our interest and needs are changing and they affect the process of attending. Attention is a form of consciousness that makes information rationally accessible to the subject. There can be no attention without interest or need. It increases the clarity of the stimuli for perception.

11. Attention as a personal level activity. Attention is a process of adjustment. Through attending the individual adjust himself inner needs or to outer stimuli. Attention helps to keep in mind experiences more accurately and fully. Attention increases efficiency. It helps people to get ready to meet any situation. Attention improves sensory discrimination. It is a motivational process. Attention is dynamic in nature. It is Purposive

12. Distraction

13. Inattention Inattention means not paying attention to a particular stimulus or to any stimulus. we do not pay attention to a particular stimulus because we are not interested in it. Inattention is caused by the absence of objective and subjective factors that determine one’s attention, Eg : lack of interest, motivation, need on the part of the individual cause inattention

14. Divided Attention In divided attention, the user pays attention to two or more tasks at the same time and is also sometimes regarded as Multi-tasking which involves managing between two or more than two tasks at the same time.

15. Divided attention Divided attention could be defined as our brain's ability to attend to two different stimuli at the same time, and respond to the multiple demands of your surroundings. Divided attention is a type of simultaneous attention that allows us to process different information sources and successfully carry out multiple tasks at a time. This cognitive skills is very important, as it allows us to be more efficient in our day-to-day lives. Our ability to attend to multiple stimuli and do various tasks at a time does have its limits. When you divide your attention, the efficiency with which you do these actions is decreased, and you will almost certainly perform poorly. 

16. Span of attention The term “span of attention” refers to the numbers of object which can be grasped in one short presentation.

17. Determining span of attention experimentally

18. Determinants of Attention External Factors : These are the factors which are external in nature and are usually governed by the characteristics of the stimuli. These external factors could be related to the nature of the stimuli, the intensity as well as the size of the stimuli, the degree to which contrast , variety or change is present in the stimuli. The extent to which the exposure to a stimulus is repeated will, also determine the strength of the attention. Moreover, a stimulus which is in a state of motion will be able to catch our attention more quickly than a stationery one .

19. Types of Attention

20. External factors Nature of the stimulus Movement of the stimulus Contrast and variety of the stimulus . Intensity and size of the stimulus Repetition of stimulus. Change of the stimulus. Rareness of the stimulus . Novelty of the stimulus. Strangeness of the stimulus. Isolation of the stimulus

21. Internal (Subjective) factors The subjective factors which influence attention are interests, motive, mind set and our attitudes & moods. It is believed that interest is the mother of attention, as we pay attention or focus on those objects about which we have interest. Similarly, our needs or motives equally govern our attention for specific events or objects. Moreover, the mental readiness of a person to respond to certain stimuli or preparedness will also determine the attention level for that person .

22. Internal factors These factors are based on individuals. 1. Interest 2. Motives 3. Attitude 4. Mind set 5. Aim/ goal 6. Attitudes 7. Basic needs (food deprivation) 8. Curiosity 9.Habit or practice 10. Emotion

23. 11.Feelings 12. Individual‘s internal desire and needs 13. Mental set 14. Mood 15. Past experiences 16. Purpose 17. Social motives 18. Temperament 19. Training. 20.Education and training

24. Educational Implications of attention i. The teacher should try to secure attention of the children in teaching-learning situation. ii. The teacher should create a conducive environment at the time of teaching in order to concentrate full attention among the children. iii. The learning atmosphere should be free from all possible distracting factors. iv. In order to create attention the teacher should try to motivate the students at each stage of teaching. v. Diagrams, figures and pictures should be drawn at the time of need. vi. Audio-visual aids should be used properly.

25. vii. The teacher should move use of gestures, postures, actions and demonstrations at the time of teaching. viii. The students should be involved actively in teaching-learning activities. ix. Fear of punishment and rude behavior of teacher should be avoided. x. The teacher should show a fair and impartial treatment to all the students in the class.

26. Sense organs are the gateways of Human Knowledge

27. Five Senses

28. Visual Stimuli Eyes Visual Sensation Seeing Auditory Stimuli Ears Auditory Sensation Hearing Fragrance – Nose – Olfactory – Smelling Taste Stimuli - Tongue - Gustatory Sensation – Tasting Tactile stimuli - Skin – Tactile Sensation – Feeling of touch

29. Sensation is the immediate result of a sense organ acted upon by appropriate stimuli.

30. Perception It is a psychological process. Perception is the process of understanding sensory inputs to which we attend, into organised impressions that we experience. Mental interpretation of sensation results in perception. Perception = Sensation + Meaningful interpretation.

31. Laws of Perceptual Organisation Law of Pragnanz Law of Proximity Law of Similarity Law of Closure Law of Continuity

32. Law of Pragnanz Gestalt Pragnanz means ‘compact but significant’.

33. Law of Proximity

34. Law of Similarity

35. Law of Closure

36. Law of Continuity

37. Errors in Perception Our perception is not always true and accurate. Sometimes errors do creep in our perception when our mind wrongly interprets the sensory input, which is otherwise known as ‘Illusion”.

38. Illusion Illusions are wrong or mistaken perceptions which fail to correspond with the situation as objectively assessed. Illusions arise because of the ambiguous qualities of what is perceived or the state of the perceiving the person or both. Eg. Rope as snake Small round nickel as rupee coin

39. Different types of Illusion Illusion of movements – A spot of light in dark appears to be move around. Illusion of perspectives – Two parallel lines appear to meet at a long distance. Reversible perspective figures. Muller- Lyer illusion and Vertical-Horizontal illusion Optical illusions.

40. Hallucination Hallucination is false perception. It is differentiated from illusion. It has no sensory basis and it is a dream like image often mistaken for perception. Eg.Mirage . Ghost spotting a tamarind tree.

41. Memory Memory is storehouse. It stores information. The information is recollected. Memory in general is an ability to remember things that happened a short or long time ago. Our mind has the power of retaining and responding the information.

42. Definitions of Memory “Memory is retention or storage of information in any form” - Guilford (1968) “Memory is the ability of an organism to store information from earlier learning process, experience, retention and reproduce that information in answer to specific stimuli”. Eysenck (1970)

43. Definitions of Memory “Memory is the cognitive process of preserving current information for later use” - Bootzin (1991) “Memory is the capacity to retain and later retrieve information”. Baron (1995)

44. Four elements involved in memory

45. Learning depends on Nature of learning material Nature of learner Learning methods.

46. Three Stages of Memory Learning or memorizing Retention of storing Retrieving (Recall or recognition)

47. Information Processing

48. Stages of Memory

49. Nature and Types of Memory

50. Atkinson-Shiffrin Store Model of Information Processing

51. Sensory Memory All the information captured by the sense organs. Some selected information goes for longer storage.

52. Short-Term Memory A memory store holds a limited amount of information for a relatively short period. (20 Seconds). After that information will disappear unless rehearsed. It is renamed as working memory.

53. Long Term Memory An apparently permanent and for practical purposes unlimited memory store can be termed as LTM. It can hold information over lengthy period of time.

54. Strategies for improving Memory Retrieval – bring back the stored information for the use as and when we required. Recall – recollect the happenings Recognition – identification marks, clues, evidences

55. Signs of Good Memory Rapidity – to have good memory, recollect his past experiences very quickly Accuracy - One could bring back the learned materials without any distortion, he is said to have good memory Length of Time - How long one could retain the learned materials in memory before retrieving Promptness of retrieval - If one is able to bring back the learned materials instantly with easy without requiring any help Serviceableness - recall of right thing at the right place Example – can’t recall the answer at the time of interview

56. Memory Span Span of Memory is measures by Memory Drum Letter span or Digital span Training, grouping and meaning help to increase memory span Span of memory depends upon the factors of Preservation Memory span increase with age, reaching the maximum by about 25 years

57. Techniques of Promoting Better memory A good memory depends on good brain Motivation to learn Meaning ful learning Follow SQR3 – Survey, questioning, recite, repeat, review. Spacing the learning periods Recitation & self evaluation Over- learning Rhymes & Logical Association

58. Mnemonics devices - artificial associations like abbreviations Ex. VIBGYOR Multisensory learning (film scenes & songs - TV) Periodical rest and sleep immediately after learning Subjects of study should be arranged to avoid interferences like pro-active and retro –active inhibitions Ex. After learning Maths , then learn language subjects Concept Mapping – advanced organiser – Ausubel .

59. Factors that affecting Memory Here are several common factors that can affect your memory: Lack of sleep- Not getting enough sleep is a major factor of memory loss and forgetfulness. Stress and anxiety- stress and anxiety can contribute to memory loss and forgetfulness  Depression - affect your ability to concentrate, remember details, stay organized and make decisions Thyroid problems - thyroid gland controls your metabolism, which can also affect your memory

60. Memory Disorder Damage of neuron- anatomical structure that hinders the storage, retention and recollection of memories. Head Injuries Common memory loss Memory slip - misplaced the car key, tip of the tongue but unable to recall the name Alcohol Related dementia – brain damage due to intake of alcohol – short term memory loss Mental Blocks – Mind going Blank

61. Thank You