unit 2 individual and society.pptx

GIVE KNOWLEDGE

1. INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETY Gunjan Kandpal Lecturer

2. Individualisation Individualisation is the process by which, an individual is made independent of his group. It is carried out by individual himself and it is mainly a mental process, which is spread through the prevailing ideas. Socialisation brings man in relation with others.

3. Aspects of Individualisation The process of becoming different from people. Democratisation Free competition Social mobility Aware of one’s own specific character A new kind of evaluation Individual will consider himself superior to others and evaluate himself in high terms A feeling of self- glorification Feeling of loneliness may lead the individual to introspection.

4. Aspects of Individualization Karl Mannheim has distinguished four main aspects of individualization. Individualization as a process of learning different from other people. Individualization on the level of new forms of self regarding attitudes. Individualization through objects. Individualization as a kind of depending into ourselves.

5. Individualization as a process of learning different from other people Compare with other persons for any kind of different ablities from others. The people isolated from other people, develop different types of personality. Ex: highly mature, over intelligence, shyness etc.,

6. Individualization on the level of new forms of self, regarding attitudes A new thinking develop within himself. It consists in becoming aware of one’s specific character and in the rise of a new kind of self evaluation. He begins to regard his life and character as unique.

7.  Individualization through objects The individualization process develop through objects. Some people come to have a fixed feeling towards certain people and objects. For example: The peasant and the landed aristocrat are more settled in their wishes than the rich mobile. The family condition also shape the individual

8. Individualization as a kind of depending into ourselves  The feeling of separation becoming lonely may lead an individual to introspection (examine one’s one feelings). Under such conditions the individual develops the feeling of privacy, partial isolation.

9. Society Society derived by Latin word “ Socious ” it means companionship or friendship. In Sociology, the term ‘Society’ refers not a group of people but to the complex pattern of the norms of interaction that arise among them. MacIver has said that society is a web of social relationship

10. Definition of Society A number of like- minded individuals who know and enjoy their like-mindedness and are therefore able to work together for common aids. M. Ginberg - Collections of individuals united by certain relations or modes of behavior which marks them off from others who do not enter into these relations or who differ from them in behavior. Giddings – The sum of formal relations in which individuals are associating together or are bound together.

11. Elements of Society Mutual interactions of individuals Mutual inter-relationship between individual A pattern of system Reciprocal awareness is an essential ingredient of social relationship. Society means like-mindedness. Society also implies difference. Inter-dependence. Co-operation.

12. Society means likeness: Is an essential pre-requisite of society. The sense of likeness was focused in early society on kinships that is real or supposed blood relationships. In modern societies the conditions of social likeness have broadened out in the principle of nationality or one world.

13. Society also implies difference: But the sense of likeness does not eliminate diversity or variation. Society also implies difference and it depends on the latter as much as on likeness of all people were exactly alike, their social relationships would become very much limited. They would contribute very little to one another.

14. Inter-dependence : Family, the first society with which we all are closely associated, is based on the biological inter-dependence of the sexes. None of the two sexes is complete by itself and, therefore, each seeks fulfillment by the aid of the other. This fact of inter-dependence is very much visible in the present world.

15. Co-operation: Without co-operation no society can exist. Unless people cooperate with each other, they cannot live a happy life. Family rests on co-operation. The members of the family cooperate with one another to live happy and joyfully.

16. Characteristics of Society It is composed of people. They have mutual awareness, continuous reciprocal interaction and interrelationship among societal members. They have likeness and differences too. They have cooperation and common interest, hold responsibilities by means of division of labour and delegation of authority.

17. Characteristics of Society Society is dynamic; changes may take place abruptly or slowly; gradually or suddenly. Each society have its own distinct culture; bit is expression of human behaviour. Society controls individual’s talents, and capacities. Society shapes the personality of individual, and meets the basic needs and provides material comfort.

18. Community An area of social living. Whenever the members of any group, small or large, live together in such a way that they share, not this or that particular interest, but the basic conditions of a common life, we call that group a community.

19. Definition of Community Bogardus – Community is a social group with some degree of “we-feeling” and living in given area. Ogburn and Nimkoff – Community is the total organization of social life with an limited area. Lundberg – Community is a human population living within a limited geographic area and carrying on a common inter-dependence life.

20. Element of Community Group of people Locality Community Sentiment Permanency Naturality Likeness Wider ends Particular name

21. Group of people: Whenever the individuals live together in such a way that they share the basic conditions of a common life, we call them forming a community. Locality: The group of people forms a community when it begins to reside in a definite locality. Community always occupies a territorial area

22. Community sentiment: Means a feeling of belonging together. It is “we-feeling” among the members. Permanency: Its not transitory like a crowd. It essentially includes a permanent life in a definite place. Naturality : Its not made or created by an act of will but are natural.

23. Likeness: There is a likeness in language, customs, mores etc. Wider ends: The ends of community are wider. A particular name: Every community has some particular name. Ex; Punjab are called Punjabis.

24. Difference between Society and Community Society  Community Society is a web of social relationship. A definite geographic area is not an essential aspects of society. Society is a abstract. Community consisting of a group of a individual living in a particular area with some degree of we feeling. Community always denotes a definite locality or geographic area. Community is a concrete

25. Difference between Society and Community Society  community Community sentiments or a sense of we-feeling may be present or may not be present in society. Society is a wider. There can be more than one community in a society. The objectives and interest of society are more extensive and varied. Society involved both likeness and difference Community sentiment is an essential element of community. Community is smaller than society. The objectives and interest of a community are comparatively less extensive and varied. Likeness is more important than difference in community.

26. Association An association is “ an organization deliberately formed for the collective pursuit of some interest, or a set of interest, which its member share.” - By R.M.Maclever An association is “ a group of social beings related to one another by the fact that they possess or have instituted in common organization with a view to securing a specific end.” - By Morris Ginsberg

27. Characteristics of Association Is a human group Common interest/s Co-operative spirits Organization Regulation of relations Durability of Association

28. Association Community Member is voluntary. Has some specific interest/s May or may not be long lasting . Association is partial. It may be regarded as a part of community. By birth itself individual become members of a community. It is rather compulsory. Has some general interests. Is relatively more stable and permanent. It is integral. It may have within its boundary, several association.

29. Institution Institution “ may be described as recognized and established usages governing the relations between individual and groups.” -By Ginsberg Institution represents “ the social structure and the machinery through which human society organizes, directs and executes the activities required to satisfy human needs.” - By H.E.Barnes

30. Characteristics of Institutions Social in nature Universality Institution have standardized norms Institutions as means of satisfying needs Institution are the controlling mechanism Relatively permanent Oral and written traditions Institution are interrelated

31. Functions of Social Institutions Institutions caters to satisfaction of needs. Institutions control Human behavior. Institutions simplify actions of individuals Institutions assign roles and status to individual. Institutions contribute to unity and uniformity. Manifest functions of Institutions

32. Relationship between Individual and Society Individual is a core4 of society. The earlier thoughts of former sociologist are:

33. Divine Origin Theory Human being are born to enjoy the relationship between male and female. God has created them and also the society. This theory is not fully explaining the various social phenomenon, societal relationship that exists in the society.

34. Social Contract Theory Given by T. Hobhouse , Locke. They explained how the individual is preceding the society. All individual are born free and equal to fulfill the needs, which he cannot fulfill by alone. Through socialization process he is performing his function in society.

35. Organic Theory Explained by Plato and Herbert Spencer. The individual is a living organism, various system has to coordinate to maintain his living function. Similarly, Individual is a part of social system, and various social systems has to coordinate to meet the societal needs. In the society if one system fails, the individual can survive in another area.

36. Group Mind Theory Given by Maciver and Page. Collective thinking, cohesiveness among the group members and cooperativeness are the main features of this theory. Individuals in society develop rules, regulations,. And norms in social system.

37. Group Mind Theory Group mind facilitates collective thinking, collective acting, each group exhibits their own goals, needs which have emerged out of interaction of group, within the society, different needs of individuals formed into different outlook. Universality among diversity is observed. Individual neither preceds society nor society preceds the individual.

38. Evolution Theory Individual and society are mutually interdependent. Individual needs society for socialisation . Man is social by nature, they like to live in company of others, crave for other’s company and interact with others and establish relationship. Socialisation is unending. Society determines the personality of the individual.

39. Personal Disorganization Personal Disorganization represent the behaviour of individual which deviates from the social norms. Any various behaviour which disturbs the integration of the attitude system within the personality represents called personal disorganization. It means that the individual is out of adjustment with society, who has failed to organize the chief goals of his life.

40.  It may be mild or violent. When the parts of social structure do not perform their functions efficiently and effectively or perform them badly, there occurs an imbalance in society. The social equilibrium is disturbed and society gets out of gear because of this personal disorganization. For example: alcoholics, criminals, prostitutes and drug addicts etc., who are mentally normal but socially abnormal. Personal Disorganization

41. Process of Socialization and Individualization

42. Socialization Man is not only social but also cultural being. The culture provides opportunities for man to develop his personality. The development process is not an automatic process. It is social training to the individual that kind of training is called Socialization. Socialization is a process of moulding a human infant to a member of society to which he belongs. This Socialization is differ from society to society. Because of this process involves by culture.

43. Definition of Socialization W.H. Ogburn says “Socialization is a process by which the individual learns to conform to the norms of the group”. Bogardus define “Socialization as the process of working together, of developing group responsibility, of being guided by welfare needs of others”. Green says “Socialization is the process which the child acquires a cultural content, along with selfhood and personality”.

44. Process of Socialization Socialization is the process of learning group norms, ideals, habits, behaviours and customs. The process of Socialization starts long before the child is born. The parents courtship, marital selection, the customs concerning pregnancy and birth.

45. Whole system of cultural practices surrounding the family are important for the child’s growth . But direct socialization begins only after birth

46. Factors of the Process of socialization Four factors are determine it 1. Imitation 2. Suggestion 3. Identification 4. Language

47. Imitation: Imitation is copying by an individual of the actions of another. Thus, when the child attempts to walk impressively like his father swinging a stick and wearing spectacles, he is imitating. Imitation may be conscious or unconscious, spontaneous or deliberate.

48.   Suggestion: Suggestion is the process of communicating information which has no logical or self evident basis. It may conveyed through language, pictures or some similar medium. Propaganda and advertising are based on the fundamental psychological principles of Suggestion.

49. Identification: The child cannot make any distinction between his organism and environment. Most of his actions are random. As he grows in age, he comes to know of the nature of things which satisfy his needs. He gradually indentified what he need for happy in his life.

50. Language: Language is the medium of social intercourse. It is the means of cultural transmission. At first the child utters some random syllables which have no meaning, but gradually he come to learn his mother-tongue. Language moulds the personality of the individual form infancy.

51. Agencies of Socialization The family The school The playmates or friends The church (religious institutions) The state

52. THANK YOU