Unit 2.pptx safety concepts inside automobile

safety concepts

1. UNIT - 2 SAFETY CONCEPTS 15-09-2021 1 AUTOMOTIVE SAFETY Mr. Vinod G M Assistant Professor Department of Automobile Engineering FET-JAIN Deemed to be University

2. Content Active safety: driving safety, conditional safety, perceptibility safety, operating safety P assive safety: exterior safety, interior safety D eformation behavior of vehicle body S peed and acceleration characteristics of passenger compartment on impact

3. Overall safety can be classified as given below: In this unit we are going to study about vehicle safety.

4. ROAD SAFETY: WHAT PROGRESS HAS BEEN MADE ?

5. EU road fatalities have been reduced by more than half since 2001, from 54,900 just after the turn of the century to 25,300 in 2017. By contrast, the number of passenger cars on Europe’s roads increased from just over 200 million to 259.7 million during the same period. Although there are now roughly 60 million more cars on our roads than in 2001, accidents still have gone down significantly. The European Union also has the safest roads in the world, counting 49 fatalities per million inhabitants annually, while the global average is 174 fatalities. Nevertheless, all major players in the mobility sector agree that road casualties should be further reduced, with the vision of working towards zero traffic fatalities in the future. The only way to reach this goal is by ensuring that safe vehicles are driven by safe drivers on safe roads. Human error (such as distraction, poor anticipation and violation of traffic rules) is the cause of 90% of today’s accidents. This means that we need to combine cutting-edge vehicle technology with improved driver behaviour , better road design and maintenance, and better enforcement of existing traffic regulations. The EU automotive industry invests a large part of the sector’s annual €54 billion R&D budget in making passenger cars and commercial vehicles even safer. When looking at vehicle design, safety measures can be classified into two categories: Active safety systems Passive safety systems Together, they have substantially reduced the number of accidents and related injuries over the last few decades.

6. ACTIVE SAFETY SYSTEMS Active safety technology can prevent accidents from happening altogether or at least actively help the driver to reduce the impact of an emergency situation. Think, for example, of systems that give the driver more control in dangerous situations, such as anti-lock braking systems (ABS) and electronic stability control (ESC). There are also autonomous emergency braking (AEB) systems that automatically intervene if the driver is not taking any action (or not fast enough), as well as technology to ensure that you don’t leave your lane unintendedly, like lane departure warning (LDW). Simply put, active safety systems avoid or mitigate an accident pre-impact – so before it happens or contact is made.

7.  PASSIVE SAFETY SYSTEMS Passive safety systems, on the other hand, protect the occupants of a vehicle and other road users if a crash occurs. They do this by reducing the impact of an accident or the level of injury. Today, a range of built-in mechanisms protect occupants of a car in case of a crash, such as pre-tensioned seatbelts, airbags and energy-absorbing deformation zones (also known as crumple zones). In other words, passive safety technology is all about mitigating the consequences of an accident during and after impact, as from the moment that first contact is made.

8. Active safety : Prevention of accidents Active safety technology can prevent accidents from happening altogether or at least actively help the driver to reduce the impact of an emergency situation.

9. FIRST WAVE OF ACTIVE SAFETY SYSTEMS The first wave of active safety technology is already widely fitted to today’s passenger cars and commercial vehicles. Approximately 80-90% of the cars on Europe’s roads come equipped with technologies such as:

10. SECOND WAVE OF ACTIVE SAFETY

11. The second wave of active safety innovation includes technologies such as:

12. Driving safety It is the result of a harmonious chassis and suspension design with regard to wheel suspension, springing, steering and braking, and is reflected in optimum dynamic vehicle behavior.

13. Maintain safety on the roads with these safe driving tips Carry Your Documents In The Car At All Times When you are on the road, you need to ensure that you are equipped with a valid driver’s license, your vehicle’s registration certificate, the  auto insurance policy  and a valid pollution certificate. Having all documentation in place provides you more confidence on the road, and a sense of being in control. Moreover, it avoids unnecessary panic and the thought of dodging traffic officials, resulting in an accident risk.

14. Wear Safety Gear While Driving It is important to think about your own safety, just as you would consider the safety of others on the road. You should wear a seatbelt while driving to protect yourself from crashing into the windshield, in the event of a collision. It is also advisable to get all passengers strapped in, even at the backseat . Stick To Speed Limits In spite of repeated reminders though road safety advertisements and hoardings, this is one safety guideline that is often overlooked. Driving at a higher speed than the prescribed limit can help you save time during the journey, but it adds to the risk of an accident . Keep A Safe Distance With The Car In Front Of You It is important to maintain a safe distance with the vehicle in front, so that in case you need to apply sudden brakes, you are protected from personal injuries and your car is safe from damage . Do Not Drink And Drive It is proven that alcohol impairs the reaction time of the human body. So even if you are feeling fine after a drink, you should refrain from driving as your body is not capable of doing so. You can always request a friend to drive you home or call a taxi instead.

15. Maintain The Car In Good Condition Maintaining your vehicle in good shape is a precursor to road safety. You must ensure that the tyre pressure is correct and replace old tyres to prevent skidding. You should replace brake fluid regularly. It is required to check the coolant levels in your car during the summer to prevent overheating of the engine.

16. Practise Defensive Driving Defensive driving is a practice that helps motor vehicle drivers consciously reduce the dangers linked to driving. In this form of driving, you anticipate scenarios that could result in an accident, such as unfavorable weather conditions and reckless motorists on the road. When more people practice defensive driving, the roads will be safer. Staying calm and avoiding road rage when you are in a difficult situation is part of defensive driving. It is important to be equipped with neon reflectors when you drive or park on the highway at night. You should be attentive when crossing the road as a pedestrian and use footpaths and subways as much as possible . Avoid Distractions On the phone while driving is a punishable crime in India. If you get an emergency call on your phone, you need to pull over to the side of the road and complete the conversation before you resume driving. Other distractions like loud music and attention-demanding kids or pets should also be handled in a way that it does not interrupt a safe journey.

17. Conditional safety It results from keeping the physiological stress that the vehicle occupants are subjected to by vibration , noise, and climatic conditions down to as low a level as possible. It is a significant factor in reducing the possibility of mis -actions in traffic. Vibrations within a frequency range of 1 to 25 Hz (stuttering, shaking, etc.) induced by wheels and drive components reach the occupants of the vehicle via the body, seats and steering wheel. The effect of these vibrations is more or less pronounced, depending upon their direction, amplitude and duration. Noises as acoustical disturbances in and around the vehicle can come from internal sources (engine, transmission, prop shafts, axles) or external sources (tire/road noises, wind noises), and are transmitted through the air or the vehicle body. The sound pressure level is measured in dB(A) (see Motor-vehicle noise measurements and limits ). Sources (e.g., engine encapsulation), and on the other hand with noise damping by means of insulating or anti-noise materials. Climatic conditions inside the vehicle are primarily influenced by air temperature, air humidity, rate of airflow through the passenger compartment and air pressure.

18. Perceptibility safety Measures which increase perceptibility safety are concentrated Lighting equipment (see Lighting), Acoustic warning devices (see Acoustic signaling devices), Direct and indirect view (see Main dimensions) (Driver's view: The angle of obscuration caused by the A-pillars for both of the driver's eyes binocular must not be more than 6 degrees).

19. Operating safety   Low driver stress, and thus a high degree of driving safety, requires optimum design of the driver surroundings with regard to ease of operation of the vehicle controls. There Can Be No Safety Without Security A modern vehicle has over 100 million lines of code and autonomous vehicles will contain the most complex software ever deployed by automakers. In addition to the size of software, the software supply chain, made up of multiple tiers of software suppliers, is unlikely to have common established coding and security standards. This adds a layer of uncertainty in the development of a vehicle. With increased reliance on software to control critical driving functions, software needs to adhere to three primary tenets, Safety, Security, and Reliability.

20. Exterior safety The term "exterior safety" covers all vehicle-related measures which are designed to minimize the severity of injury to pedestrians and bicycle and motorcycle riders struck by the vehicle in an accident. Those factors which determine exterior safety are: Vehicle-body deformation behavior, Exterior vehicle body shape. The primary objective is to design the vehicle such that its exterior design minimizes the consequences of a primary collision (a collision involving persons outside the vehicle and the vehicle itself ). The most severe injuries are sustained by passengers who are hit by the front of the vehicle, whereby the course of the accident greatly depends upon body size. The consequences of collisions involving two-wheeled vehicles and passenger cars can only be slightly ameliorated by passenger-car design due to the two-wheeled vehicle's often considerable inherent energy component, its high seat position and the wide dispersion of contact points.

21. Risk to pedestrians in event of collisions with passenger cars as a function of impact frequency and seriousness of injury (based on 246 collisions) Those design features which can be incorporated into the passenger car are, for example: Movable front lamps Recessed windshields wipers, Recessed drip rails, Recessed door handles.

22. Recessed door handles

23. Interior safety The term "interior safety" covers vehicle measures whose purpose is to minimize the accelerations and forces acting on the vehicle occupants in the event of an accident, to provide sufficient survival space, and to ensure the operability of those vehicle components critical to the removal of passengers from the vehicle after the accident has occurred. The determining factors for passenger safety are: Deformation behavior (vehicle body), Passenger-compartment strength, size of the survival space during and after impact, Restraint systems, Impact areas (vehicle interior), Steering system, Occupant extrication, Fire protection.

24. Deformation behavior of vehicle body Due to the frequency of frontal collisions, an important role is played by the legally stipulated frontal impact test in which a vehicle is driven at a speed of 48.3 km/h (30 mph) into a rigid barrier which is either perpendicular or inclined at an angle of up to 30° relative to the longitudinal axis of the car.

25. Refineries operate 24/7 A refinery runs 24 hours a day, 365 days a year and requires a large number of employees. A refinery can occupy as much land as several hundred football fields. A photo of the Pascagoula Refinery in Mississippi

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