Unit-2 Psychiatric terminology.pptx

content will be beneficial for b.sc. nursing students and m.sc. nursing stuccents

1. PSYCHIATRIC TERMINOLOGIES Prepared by, Vipin Chandran

2. Psychiatric Nursing: “It is a specialized area of nursing practice, employing theories of human behavior as it is a science, and the purposeful use of self as it is an art, in the diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or potential mental health problems” (American Nurses Association, 1994)

3. Abreaction- It is a emotional release or discharge of recalling a painful experience. Abstinence- Voluntary refraining from behavior or the use of a substance that has caused problems in psychosocial, biologic, cognitive/perceptual or spiritual belief of life especially with regard to food, alcohol or drugs. Addiction- Addiction is a term used to define a state of dependence or recurrent drug intoxication, characterized by psychological and physical dependence as well as tolerance.

4. Aggression- An action, verbal or physical, for dealing with frustration and anxiety caused by not achieving a desired goal. Agoraphobia- Defined an anxiety about being in place or situations from which escape may be difficult Akathisia- Motor restlessness, inability to sit still.

5. Akinesia - Lack of physical movement. Ambivalence- Co-existence of two opposing impulses toward the same thing in the same person at the same time. Amnesia- Partial or total inability to recall past experiences, may be organic or emotional in origin. Anergia - Lack of energy for day to day activities. Anhedonia - Loss of interest in and withdrawal from all regular and pleasurable activities.

6. Anorexia Nervosa- An eating disorder, characterized by self starvation, weight loss below minimum normal weight, intense fear of being fat. Apathy- lack of emotional feeling. Aphasia- Difficulty in formulation of words or loss of language ability or it is the disturbances in language output. Abstract thinking- Ability to appreciate nuances of meaning, multidimensional thinking with ability to use metaphors & hypotheses appropriately.

7. Autistic thinking- Preoccupations totally removing a person from reality. Avolition - Lack of motivation or inabilities to initiate tasks. Blackout- Sudden loss of consciousness; an episode of forgetting all or part of what occurred during or following a period of alcohol intake. Blunted Affect- A reduction in emotional experience.

8. Bulimia Nervosa- The uncontrolled ingestion of large amount of food followed by inappropriate compensatory methods to prevent weight gain and for maintaining body shape. Catatonia- A state of psychologically induced immobilization at times interrupted by episodes of extreme agitation. Circumstantiality - A disorder of thinking process, determining tendency is maintained but the patient can reach the goal only after having exhaustively explored all unnecessary associations arising in his mind.

9. Clang Association- Meaningless rhyming of words often in a forceful manner. In this, rhyming is more important than the context of the word. Compulsion- An irrational and repetitive impulse to perform an act. Confabulation- Unconscious filling of memory gaps by imagined or untrue experiences due to memory impairment. Conversion- Process by which a psychological thought, event or memory is transferred to a physical or sensory symptoms.

10. Crisis- A situation in which customary problem solving or decision- making methods are not adequate. Cyclothymic- Swings of mood of elation and depression. Defense Mechanism- Unconscious mental processes that the ego uses to resolve conflicts, which will abolish anxiety and depression. Delirium- An etiologically non- specific syndrome characterized by concurrent disturbances of consciousness and attention, perception, thinking, memory, psychomotor behavior, emotion and sleep- wake cycle. Dejavu - A subjective feeling that an experience, which is occurring for the first time, has been experienced before.

11. Delusion- False, unshakeable belief, which is not amenable to reasoning( Control, Grandeur, guilt, infidelity, persecution, reference, Erotomania, Nihilism, Somatic). Dementia- Diffuse brain dysfunction characterized by a gradual, progressive and chronic deterioration of intellectual function, judgment, orientation, memory, affect or emotional stability, cognition and attention. Denial- Unconscious refusal to face thoughts, feelings, wishes, needs or reality factors that are consciously intolerable.

12. Depersonalization- A person subjective sense of being unreal, strange or unfamiliar. Derealization- A subjective sense that the environment is strange or unreal. Dyslexia- Learning disorder in the reading domain. Dissociation- The act of separating and detaching a strong emotionally charged conflict from one’s consciousness.

13. Dysthymia- A state of chronic low-level depression lasting for more than two years. Echolalia- Pathological repetition by imitation of the speech of another. Echopraxia- Pathological repetition by imitation of the behavior of another. Flight of ideas- Rapid shift between topic that are unrelated to each other. Fugue- Dissociative fugue is characterized by episodes of wandering away (usually from home). Grandiosity- A person exaggerated conception of his or her importance, power of identity. Grief- Appropriate emotional response to an external and consciously recognized loss.

14. Hallucination- A false perception, which is not a sensory distortion or misinterpretation, but which occurs at the same time as real perceptions. Hyperkinetic Attention Deficit Disorder- Disorder common in children, onset before the age of 7 years and males more commonly affected (6-8 times more). Hypochondriasis - Disorder characterized by preoccupation with the fear of developing a serious disease or the belief that one has a serious disease.

15. Hypomania- Distinct period of at least a few days of mild elevation of mood, sharpened and positive thinking and increased energy and activity level. Hysteria- Characterized by many somatic symptoms that cannot be explained adequately on the basis of physical and laboratory examination. Ideas of Reference- Belief that some events have a special personal meaning.

16. Illusion- Misinterpretation of external stimuli. Impulsiveness- Emotional instability and lack of impulse control. Insight- The capacity to appreciate that one’s disturbance of thought and feeling are subjective and invalid. Labile Affect- Rapidly shifting emotions, unrelated to external stimuli. Libido- Forces by which sexual instinct is represented in the mind. Malingering- Internal productivity of false or grossly exaggerated psychological symptoms, motivated by extend incentives such as avoiding military duty, avoiding work etc.

17. Mania- Characterized by elevated expansive or irritable mood. Euphoria (Mild elevation of mood) Elation (Moderate elevation of mood) Exaltation (Severe elevation of mood) Ecstasy (Very severe elevation of mood) Echolalia- Repetition, echo or mimicking of phrases or words heard. Echopraxia - Repetition, echo, or mimicking of action observed even when asked not to do so. Euthymia - Normal range of mood.

18. Neologism- New word created by patient often combining syllables of other words, for idiosyncratic psychological reasons. Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome- Potentially life threatening characterized by muscular rigidity, fever, autonomic instability and an altered level of consciousness. Oedipus complex- Attachment of the child to the parent of the opposite sex, accompanied by envious feelings towards the parent of the same sex.

19. Obsession- Pathological persistent of an irresistible thoughts or feeling that cannot be eliminated from consciousness by logical effort, associated with anxiety. Paranoia- Chronic well- systematized delusional state without hallucination. Perseveration- Persistent and inappropriate repetition of the same thoughts, as judged by the patient’s words or actions. Phobia- Refers to the persistent, irrational, exaggerated and invariably pathological dread of a specific stimulus or situation.

20. Specific phobia Social phobia Acrophobia Agoraphobia Algophobia Ailurophobia Erythrophobia Panphobia Claustrophobia Xenophobia Zoophobia Trypanophobia/ Tomophobia

21. Pica- Persistent eating of non- nutritive substances for at least one month. Stupor- A state in which the individual does not react to his surroundings & appear to be unaware. Tangentiality - Refers to inability to have goal directed associations of thought, speaker never gets from desired point to desired goal. Waxy Flexibility ( Cereaflexibilities )- Condition of a person who can be molded into a position that is then maintained, when an examiner moves the person’s limb, the limb feels as if it were made of wax.

22. CLASSIFICATION OF MENTAL DISORDERS: INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES (ICD)

23. In the 1960’s the World Health Organization (WHO) drafted the eighth revision of the International Classification of Diseases(ICD-8). In 1979 this was further revised as (ICD-9). In 1987, the ICD-9 was further refined to (ICD-10) Numeric codes (001-009) were used in ICD-9. Whereas alpha numeric- coding scheme , based on codes with single letter followed by two numbers at the three- character level (A00-299) has been adopted in ICD-10.

24. Chapters on mental disorders in ICD-9 had only 30 character categories (290-319). Chapter V (F) of ICD-10 has 100 such categories with decimal numeric subdivision at the four- character level.

25. F00-F09 Organic, including symptomatic, mental disorders F00 Dementia in Alzheimer’s disease F01 Vascular Dementia F02 Dementia in other disease classified elsewhere F03 Unspecified Dementia F04 Organic Amnestic Syndrome F05 Delirium F06 Other Mental Disorders due to brain damage and dysfunction and to physical disease F07 Personality and behavioral disorders due to brain disease F09 Unspecified organic or symptomatic mental disorder

26. F10- F19 Mental and Behavioral Disorders due to psychoactive substance use F10- Mental & Behavioral disorders due to use of alcohol F11- Mental & Behavioral disorders due to use of opiods F12- Mental & Behavioral disorders due to use of cannabiniods F13- Mental & Behavioral disorders due to use of sedatives or hypnotics F14- Mental & Behavioral disorders due to use of cocaine F15- Mental & Behavioral disorders due to use of other stimulants, including caffeine F16- Mental & Behavioural disorders due to use of hallucinogen F17- Mental & Behavioral disorders due to use of tobacco F18- Mental & Behavioral disorders due to use of volatile solvents F19- Mental & Behavioral disorders due to multiple drug use and use of other psychoactive substances

27. F20-F29 Schizophrenia, Schizotypal and Delusional disorders F20- Schizophrenia F20.0 Paranoid Schizophrenia F20.1 Hebephrenic Schizophrenia F20.2 Catatonic Schizophrenia F20.3 Undifferentiated Schizophrenia F20.4 Post- Schizophrenic Depression F20.5 Residual Schizophrenia F20.6 Simple Schizophrenia F20.8 Other Schizophrenia F20.9 Schizophrenia, unspecified

28. F21 Schizotypal Disorders F22 Persistent Delusional Disorders F23 Acute & Transient Psychotic Disorders F24 Induced Delusional Disorder F25 Schizoaffective Disorders F28 Other nonorganic Psychotic Disorders F29 Unspecified nonorganic Psychosis

29. F30-F39 Mood Affective Disorders F30- Manic Episode F30.0- Hypomania F30.1- Mania Without Psychotic Symptoms F30.2- Mania With Psychotic Symptoms F30.8- Other Manic Episodes F30.9- Manic Episode Unspecified

30. F31- Bipolar Affective Disorder F32- Depressive Episode F33- Recurrent Depressive Disorder F34- Persistent Mood Affective Disorders F38- Other Mood Affective Disorders F39- Unspecified Mood Affective Disorders

31. F40-F48 Neurotic, Stress Related & Somatoform Disorders F40- Phobic Anxiety Disorders F41- Other Anxiety Disorders F42- Obsessive Compulsive Disorder F43- Reaction to Severe Stress and Adjustment Disorders F44- Dissociative Conversion Disorders F45- Somatoform Disorders F48- Other Neurotic Disorders

32. F50-F59 Behavioral Syndromes Associated with Physiological Disturbances & Physical Factors F50- Eating Disorders F51- Nonorganic Sleep Disorders F52- Sexual Dysfunction, not caused by Organic Disorder or Disease F53- Mental & Behavioral disorders associated with puerperium, not elsewhere classified F54- Psychological & Behavioral Factors associated with disorder or diseases classified elsewhere F55- Abuse of non-dependence producing substances F59- Unspecified Behavioral Syndromes associated with physiological disturbance

33. F60-F69 Disorders of Adult Personality & Behavior F60- Specific Personality Disorders F61- Mixed & Other Personality Disorders F62- Enduring Personality Changes, not attributable to brain damage and disease F63- Habit and Impulse Disorders F64- Gender Identity Disorders F65- Disorders of Sexual Preference F66- Psychological & Behavioral disorders F68- Other Disorders of Adult personality & Behavior F69- Unspecified Disorder of Adult Personality

34. F70-F79 Mental Retardation F70- Mild Mental Retardation F71- Moderate Mental Retardation F72- Severe Mental Retardation F73- Profound Mental Retardation F78- Other Mental Retardation F79- Unspecified Mental Retardation

35. F80-F89 Disorders of Psychological Development F80- Specific Developmental Disorders of speech & language F81- Specific Developmental Disorders of Scholastic Skills F82- Specific Developmental Disorder of Motor Function F83- Mixed Specific Developmental Disorder F84- Pervasive Developmental Disorders F88- Other Disorder of Psychological Development F89- Unspecified Disorders of Psychological Development

36. F90-F98 Behavioral & Emotional Disorders with onset usually occurring in Childhood & Adolescence F90- Hyperkinetic Disorder F91- Conduct Disorders F92- Mixed Disorders of Conduct & Emotions F93- Emotional Disorders with onset specific to childhood F94- Disorders of social functioning with onset specific to childhood & adolescence F95- Tic Disorders F98- Other Behavioral & Emotional disorders with onset usually occurring in childhood & adolescence F99- Unspecified Mental Disorder

37. Indian Classification: In India Neki (1963), Wig and Singer (1967), Vahia (1961) and Varma (1971) have attempted some modification of ICD-8 to suit Indian Conditions. PSYCHOSIS NEUROSIS SPECIAL DISORDERS

38. Classification of Mental Illness:

39. NEUROSIS: Anxiety Neurosis Depressive Neurosis Hysterical Neurosis Obsessive Compulsive Neurosis Phobic Neurosis

40. SPECIAL DISORDERS: Childhood Disorders Personality Disorders Substance Abuses Psychophysological Disorders Mental Retardation

41. Thank You…!